Broadband receiver from a TV tuner. Portable DVB-T tuner on RTL2832. I listen to the broadcast. Alternative programs and drivers

Hello forumers! Decided to create my first topic on this forum.
I'll tell you how to spend time and a little money with interest and get a universal radio receiver in the 50-900 MHz range. I got it for $20 now, maybe even cheaper. Last year I bought a USB TV tuner on ebay, the seller no longer sells, but can be found in the search for the Realtek rtl2832 Elonics e4000 chip.
Here is such a Chinese USB TV tuner.

Ask? This is a tv tuner how to make a radio.
You don't need to solder anything. I will say
Download the patched driver with the radio function. a convenient proven option - SDR https://public-xrp.s...ase-rev427T.zip With auto tuner function.

In order for it to work as a radio receiver, we don’t need native drivers, we replace them with the necessary patched ones.
Download the program for replacing firewood, drag it into the downloaded patch. (Open both and drag)
Run Zadig.exe, click Options->List all devices, select Builk-in, Interface 0, select the replacement driver - “WinUSB”, click Reinstall Driver

Replaced? Go ahead.
And we launch our patch, the downloaded SDR file, open the Release folder-> click SDRSharp.exe, the application will open, click Other and the RTL-SDR / RTL2832U drop-down menu

Where to poke.

Did you manage? press the long-awaited Play if everything is done correctly, it should work.
Now you can drag the scale to the left or right, or drive it into the field from the top left.
In my kit there is a half-meter pin antenna.
It catches better on a home antenna. Horn systems. On some, the protective diode is forgotten, so as not to kill the receiver, we do not touch the antenna with our hands.

And the zomboyaschik shows? Whistle DVB-T format. in my area DVB-T2. So I can't say anything about TV.
What can you hear taxi drivers, radio amateurs, builders, communication between aircraft and controllers, FM radio.
Specially for smart people I tried to briefly describe the process. Chewed on habrahabr!
Your true noob
Kendi Bober

Don't forget Google knows everything

Wideband FM radio
The receiver of the frequency modulated signal for the range of 36 MHz - 920 MHz.

The receiver was built to monitor the work of Volgograd radio amateurs - ultrashortwaves (144-146 MHz), and since only a Chinese AVOmeter (and a Soviet TV - see below) was used for tuning, I had to use a purchased RF unit - a channel selector, to convert sound according to the first IF; the only self-made unit is being assembled - a sound amplifier with a PLL from the RADIO magazine 11/89 p.48 authors V. Bogdanov, V. Pavlov (how to simplify and printed circuit board see below), any ULF (a ready-made ULF TV board was used on K174UN7).
A phase-locked loop amplifier is needed because the selector selects a very wide signal band - 7 MHz, but it is necessary to detect 15 kHz, of the tested designs, it is the indicated PLL-amplifier that effectively holds the signal.

Sensitivity and selectivity are determined by the channel selector you can get your hands on.

According to subjective data, they are taken on a piece of wire 1m stretched from the window, in a high-rise microdistrict, almost the city center:
home radio extenders of the range 36-49MHz within a radius of 150m;
Volgogradvodokanal, Ambulance- by region
Volgograd-Volzhsky taxi on call 36-42MHz (rst "Len") = this is on the first (I-II according to the directory) range of the selector to the first TV channel.
Up to the fifth TV channel: Repeaters 144.5 and 145.675 MHz of ultrashortwaves and radio amateurs 144-146 MHz from adjacent areas,
Volgograd police and traffic police at 148 MHz,
military and FAPSI channels up to 160 MHz sold to oil companies for telephones and used by semi-illegal trunk radio (stations) telephones,
paging transmissions - try to decrypt for example with the POCSAG program from the Internet,
behind TV channels - 300-400 MHz (SKM-24 does not catch) trunk rst and long-range radiotelephones, all from adjacent areas, some beyond 30 km = this is on the second (III) range of the selector.
Up to 21 UHF TV channels - federal cellular network"Sotel" 450-470MHz (Cellular, NMT=450 standard) (whole city),
for UHF TV channels home radio extenders ~ 650 MHz radius 350 m,
at the end of 825-870 MHz - the Unicel (Indigo) cellular network (cellular, AMPS standard) is caught only when the selector is set to 33-35V instead of 28V and, according to experience, on 4 selectors out of 5 = this is the third (IV- V) range (or SKD-24);
of course, all VHF, FM radio stations and TV sound are received.

Note that the beginning of the range (I-II= 36MHz, III= 120MHz, IV-V= 430MHz) corresponds to 0V on the varicap control, the end of the range (I-II= 110MHz, III= 230.400MHz, IV-V= 900MHz) +33 .35V.

For 2002, the cost of components purchased at the Volgograd radio market was:
Channel selector (SK-V-41 new) for 100 rubles (SKM-24 + SKD-24 for 80 rubles;
rootless Asian selector with a torn antenna socket for 10 rubles);
2 blocks of settings resistors with blocks of push-button switches from the VM-12 Vidic for 40 rubles;
Microcircuits, transistors, Krenki about 50 rubles;
the rest is amateur radio rubbish - borrow from friends or prepare another 50-100 rubles for the market;
total 280 rubles for a receiver offered by Moscow firms selling special equipment for 450 USD. minimum (if there is no police nearby).

For radio amateurs With extensive experience, the list of purchased parts is enough for manufacturing, so they may not read further, I will tell the rest of the path traveled during manufacture.
How to make a receiver

Receiver Block Diagram

Fig.1. Receiver Block Diagram (Click for large image)

To begin with, we make a sound amplifier with a PLL - see RADIO magazine 11/89 p.48.
circuit diagram amplifier:

We simplify the existing scheme as follows:
We leave only two circuits of the FSS filter, crossing out parts C6, C7, L3, L4 on the diagram. Now the left terminal of C8 comes from the upper terminal of L2 (the bottom of L2 remains grounded).
Transistors VT1, VT2 KT339A (in metal) are difficult to get, besides, for some reason, the IF is self-excited with them. Let's apply KT339AM (in plastic).
Instead of the varicap assembly VD1 KVS120A1 (not available and there is no reference book with a pinout), we use KVS111A or B with the simultaneous replacement of C19 with 31Pf +/-5% (it was 19Pf).
We change VT3 KT3102A to any KT315 (soldered from the old board).
KP307 with any letter (other field-effect transistors will not work)
We wind all coils on frames from circuits from the IF board of a color lamp TV - vertical, 7.5 mm in diameter with carbonyl iron trimmers (L7, L8 also, a brass core is not needed). We cut the coils to 15-20 mm, melt the legs into the right places of the base, cut the screens as well - leave the lower part. Inside the screen will fit part of the details of the contours (wrapped together with paper, for insulation). The number of turns changes accordingly: L1 and L5 are 8 turns each (instead of 11), L2 and L6 are also 2 turns each, L7 - 2 turns in 2 wires, L8 - 20 turns (instead of 25). Everything can be wound with a wire of 0.2 ... 0.3 mm. It is recommended to connect the upper terminal of the loop coils and communication coils with a common wire (in the diagram, on the contrary, the lower terminals are grounded), and wind the coils in one direction. We wind the communication coil onto the contour coil in its upper part.
Resistors MLT-0.125 with deviations of +/-10% (instead of 2.2K - 2K or 2K4), capacitors C4, C8, C9, C18, C19 \u003d 31Pf, C20, C21 used tubular KT-1 deviations of +/-10%, the remaining capacitors +100% / -50% disk KD or flat square K10-7V. Do not be too lazy to ring the resistors with an AVOmeter for an approximate correspondence to the rating and capacitors for a short circuit (one K10-7V shorted the power supply).
C16 and the Uapch output are not needed, because there is a PLL and there will be manual tuning.

It is with these details that the printed circuit board is made. On a double-sided foil-coated fiberglass 120x65mm - see fig.

Fig.2. Printed circuit board.

The conductors are cut from the bottom, along the contour, with a wood carving cutter - a small V or U shaped cutter, the cut width is 1 ... 2 mm, the rest of the area is left for a common wire. If you want, etch the board in the traditional way in ferric chloride, but leave a maximum of the common wire (respectively, draw the contours of the common wire yourself).

holes can be drilled with a broken needle and a sharpened spatula. On the part of the details, holes for leads not connected to a common wire are countersunk to a diameter of 2 ... 4 mm with a 6 ... 12 mm drill.

Please note: the connection point L1, C4, R4 and the connection point C8, C9, L5 must be isolated from the board - they are connected only at the base of the coil; Also, legs 2,4,6,8,10,11 DA1 isolate from the board (it is better to cut it off). We clean the board from the side of the parts with sandpaper, cover it with a solution of rosin in alcohol (done in 10 minutes), service it with solder. From the side of the parts, it is better to clean only the places around the terminals connected to the common wire. First, we solder R, C, L and screens and control the absence of short circuits, form the R and C leads so that the part rises 1 ... 3 mm above the board, solder the leads with a common wire on both sides of the board. The applied microcircuits and transistors can be soldered several times, but still try not to overheat their conclusions for more than 3 seconds - solder in a checkerboard pattern, if you get a bad solder, wait 10s. Do not use sockets for microcircuits - they cost like the microcircuit itself, and the reliability of the connection is low. Field-effect transistor VT4 is installed last, before installation, push the candy foil between its leads (and do not forget to pull it out after soldering). Carefully and stupidly for 30 ... 60 minutes, check the installation for compliance with the details and the absence of short circuits. Input and output - shielded wires, preferably coaxial. 2 power wires, and it is better to turn on the diode D226 or KD105 in the positive one so as not to burn when applying reverse voltage.
Setting up the UPC:
We do not send a signal to the input. We connect the output to any ULF: tape recorder input for recording, ULF stereo complex, Lin IN or Mic IN sound card and turn on this ULF. We connect a 9 ... 12V power supply, if the noise from the ULF output has grown, the board somehow works, if not, look for YOUR mistake.
For orientation, I quote the voltages on transistors and microcircuits at a supply voltage of + 10V. VT1: K + 8.5V, B + 3.9V, E + 3.3V. VT2: K + 3.3V, B + 1.1V, E + 0.5V. VT3: K + 10V, B + 3.9V, E + 3.5V. VT4 AND +4V, C +7V, Shutter 0V. DA1: 3.5 +2V, 9 +6.5V, 12,13,14 +2V. DA2: 2 +3V, 3 +3.9V, 5 +10V, 7.8 +2.8V, 10.12 +1V, 11.13 +1.3V. If they differ by more than 2 times, look for a short on the board or change the faulty part.
We solder a plug to the input wire - for example, an antenna, or simply make loops on the signal and common wires.

We open the Soviet TV, in which there is an SKM-24 block and connect to the always free socket with the inscription "pf output", if without a plug, then we use a clothespin to attach the common wire. The rest of the connections are the same. Unscrew the cores from the coils L1-L6. We turn on the TV to a confidently received program and rotate the L7, L8 core, preferably with a screwdriver made from an old toothbrush, until the sound of the same TV program appears.

Then, screwing / unscrewing the cores into the coils L1-L6, we achieve the maximum sound volume. With 2 coils, this setting is obtained, which is why they got rid of the L3L4 coil. Already now, at the beginning of the 2nd band, you can receive 144 MHz radio amateurs and the police, and at the beginning of the UHF band (if there is SKD-24) Sotel cellular.
Now you can place the board in a screen made of tin from cans, soldering around the perimeter and making the top and bottom covers, then adjust again using the same method. But it works fine even without a screen.

Now the general layout. See. fig.1.

The easiest way is to take a sheet of chipboard 10 ... 20 mm thick for the base, mark it yourself (200x350 mm should be enough), we will screw blocks onto it in place with screws so that they do not roll around anywhere. For the front panel, you can find a sheet of plastic or plywood 1.5 ... 3mm, then screw it from the end of the base; on it, mark the places for buttons, speaker, miliammeter (tuning scale), volume resistors, RRU, Manual frequency control. It is better to place the settings resistor block on the side (at least screw it to the base).

The remaining blocks are adjusted during installation.

Fig.3. Settings block diagram

Fig.4. Power Supply Schematic (Click for large image)

Fig.5. Connection diagram of the channel selector SK-V-41 (Click to get a larger image)

Fig.6. Foreign Channel Selector Wiring Diagram (Click to view large image)
The block of touch buttons for selecting programs from the 3rd generation TV is not suitable, because. its triggers do not switch at the desired tuning voltage of 33 ... with dependent inclusion) see Bloc_nastroek.gif. I recommend making a fixed inclusion of ranges, for example, 1-2 buttons are the 1st range, 3-5 - the 2nd, 6-8 - the 3rd. The circuit is simplified, and soldering is not long.
The settings resistor block (8pcs) is also the most stable from VM-12, see Fig. 3. We solder everything except multi-turn resistors and diodes, and the diodes must be turned over because + 35V we supply from the other side. You can use a separate block of 8 resistors from a 3rd generation TV. Very bad large multi-turn resistors from a block of 6 pcs. for example SVP-4-5. We supply the voltage from the output of the resistor block to the usual variable resistor for operational tuning within 1-10 MHz - this will be our Manual Frequency Tuning, its value will have to be selected from 10 kOhm for the 825-870 MHz range, up to 50 kOhm for the 144-148 MHz range (do not forget that radio amateurs or radio telephones occupy a portion of the range, and multi-turn resistors fail with frequent restructuring). Manual frequency tuning - R2, it is selected to obtain the desired operational tuning bandwidth and depends on the selector, for example, for SKM-24 4.7K, SK-V-41 47K. To begin with, connect the button block and the settings block and apply 10V to it, for example, first check the correct connections to the range switching circuit and use an AVOmeter, then the same 10V to the settings circuit, the voltage should change from 0 to 10V.
The power supply will have to be made independently, because. +10…12V and +35V voltages are required, both stabilized see Fig.4. Try to find a transformer that produces an alternating voltage of 9 ... 20V and 30 ... 50V on the secondary windings, if there are inscriptions on the coil, you can recalculate the voltage on the secondary windings, at 220V on the mains. Read, for example, RADIO 4/99 p.38. Sound transformers, TVZ-1-9 (1) or personnel TVK-70 (or 110), require a 33V winding winding: disassemble the transformer and wind a test winding of 10 turns of 0.1 mm wire (for 33V thicker is not needed) in insulation, put back most of the plates and measure the voltage on the new winding, now you can count the number of turns per 1V and wind it up to 33V, and on TVZ you can add another 2 ... 3V to the existing secondary winding (and get 12V out of 9). When assembling, smear the core plates with glue so that it does not buzz. And do not forget - the network winding of low-power transformers is always with a high resistance> 100 Ohm, the number of turns is 1500 ... 2500 (this does not apply to powerful TS-180 (270), you can get desired voltages but they are too bulky). It is better to place the transformer in a separate container (for example, from under the Palmira detergent or sour cream) so that it does not heat the rest of the blocks. Rectifiers with stabilizers can be placed in a common unit. If you don’t like Krenki, make ordinary stabilizers on transistors with zener diodes in the base circuit (schemes in almost any RADIO magazine).
I recommend the channel selector SKV-41 or Asian with tuning from a voltage synthesizer (it won’t work from a frequency synthesizer, especially since it is 2 times more expensive) see Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 .. About SK-V-41 read RADIO 3/90 pp. 43-44 (the SK-V-40 is described - 2 entrances, and the SK-V-41 entrance is combined). For wiring and connecting Asian and European selectors, see RADIO 2/98, 3/98, 7/99 and see diagrams of foreign TVs, for example, in the magazine RADIO AMATEUR 12/91, if you take a selector, compare the wiring of the legs from the antenna jack, next to the leg usually 2-3 letters: 1-BU(+12V UHF), 2-BT(0…+33V settings), 3-BH(+12V Range1), 4-AGC(AGC +3…+6V), 5-BL (+12V Range 2), 6-AFC (APCG, can not be used), 7-BM (+12V, constant selector power), 8-missing, 9-IF (IF output to PLL IF). Philips UV936 turned out to be the worst of all - it does not accept the 36-39MHz and 825-870MHz range, working strictly within the TV range. The connection of the SKM-24 and SKD-24 selectors can be seen on the diagrams of Soviet semiconductor TVs, there is also a printed circuit board, the selector control signals are the same (of course, a different wiring), only there is no + 12V DC power supply. The selector SK-V-41 or Asian is installed on a simple scarf from a plate of foil fiberglass (if it is 2-sided, countersink the holes), cutting out patches with a diameter of 3 ... 5 mm with a cutter, around the holes drilled along the selector pins. It is better to solder the selector pins directly, this will not harm the selector, and there is a lot of fuss with the connector. We tie the RC selector with power filters on cut out patches.
The low-frequency signal from the UPF output can be amplified by any ULF (the ULF was used from the control unit BU-3, BU-4, BU-14 TV on K174UN7), even the simplest home-made one on K174UN4, UN7, UN14 is enough, see Fig. 7.

Fig.7. Schematic diagram of the ULF version on K174UN14

Sorry for the missing diagram of the "PLL IF Audio Amplifier" from Radio magazine number 11, 1989 pages 48-49. Unfortunately, the scanner could not be found. If the numbers are for 1989. written off in your district library, you will have to look for a magazine on the radio market, with friends, or in the nearest Radio club, for example, in the Volgograd radio club "Kolos" they do not refuse even a person from the street.

Distribute this text together with the drawings (see above) freely, if possible, please insert a scanned sheet (spread) 48-49 from Radio 11/89. I do not claim absolute authorship, because the very idea (with page indication) was suggested by a friend, a former engineer of the Volgograd special (electronic) enterprise "Aurora".
Disclaimer (excuse)

Read the article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation regarding receivers that receive signals not intended for general use, and we will agree that we need a receiver that accepts all sound accompaniment TV, FM-1 and FM-2 (because we still introduce the Manual Adjustment of the RF Gain - for example, a resistor for the slot - and with a PRU voltage of less than 4V we will not be able to catch anything except TV and FM, but with Upp = 5 ... 8V we catch local radio amateurs 144 MHz, "which allows you to interest the younger generation in amateur radio, whose personnel is rapidly aging."

Article 138. Violation of secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic or other communications

1. Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic or other messages of citizens -
shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of from fifty to one hundred times the minimum wage, or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to one month, or by compulsory labor for a term of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and eighty hours, or by corrective labor for a term of up to one year.

2. The same act committed by a person using his official position or special technical means intended for secretly obtaining information, is punishable by a fine in the amount of from one hundred to three hundred times the minimum wage, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to three months, or by deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of two to five years, or arrest for a term of two to four months.

3. Illegal production, sale or purchase for the purpose of sale of special technical means intended for secretly obtaining information, - or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years, or by imprisonment for a term of up to three years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years.

Submitted by Miha miha002 (at) vistcom.ru

This device is based on a TV tuner, DDS synthesizer and additional interface circuitry.
The receiver turned out so strong that you can use it for long-range reception!
This receiver will operate from 45 to 860 MHz and the tuning step size can be up to 0.01 Hz
Why not use this receiver like a spectrum analyzer or a NOAA satellite receiver?
Next, about it!

Any contributions to the creation and addition of this page are greatly appreciated!

small digression

Why make life harder than it really is?
My main idea for this project was: why not use a tuner when building a receiver? Said and done. The heart of this receiver is a TV or VCR tuner. The tuner has digital control, which means the frequencies must be programmed through the I2C interface.
Don't stop reading now! It's not difficult at all and I've prepared everything for you, so keep reading. The smallest tuner steps are 31.25kHz, 50kHz, or 62.5kHz. It's too big a step, especially if you're doing low frequency reception. To resolve this issue, I added a second mixer using a DDS synthesizer as a local oscillator. With DDS you can immerse yourself in the virtual world of the air through the 62.5kHz, 50kHz or 31.25kHz window. The smallest tuning step with this design can be from 0.01 Hz. In most cases, the 0.01 Hz step will be small, so I will use the smallest 1 Hz step in my program.

Initial information about the TV tuner

I just love TV tuners, and so now I will explain to you how they work.
I've written about tuners before, but it's impossible to write much about them, so here's why, let's recap:
What does a tuner look like?
Open the VCR or TV and find a shiny methalic box. If you find it, you can open it and you will see hundreds of bugs inside. These are surface mount components.
Tuners are based on reduced frequency conversion. The RF signal is down-converted to an IF frequency of 34-38.9MHz (European standard). Some newer tuners have an internal demodulator and video and audio outputs.
The output frequency you need can be set in two ways: analog or digital.

Receiver input bands:

VLF-48-180MHz
VHF 160-470MHz
UHF430-860MHz

Analog tuners use a 0-28V input voltage to drive a VCO (VCO, voltage controlled oscillator), and there are 3 pins for
range selection (see fig.). The voltage sweep also controls the resonant frequency of the tuner's input filter. The signal from the RF input is mixed with the VCO signal and the output is the final conversion product (IF) of 38.9MHz.
The downside of an analog tuner is that it's hard to get stable voltage VCO settings and determine the current tuning frequency.

A digital tuner works differently. It uses a PLL (Frequency Synthesizer) to set the frequency. The synthesizer can be programmed to any frequency from 45 to 860MHz. The tuner's frequency synthesizer compares the VCO frequency with the programmed frequency. The circuit changes the voltage settings until the VCO frequencies and the reference frequency are in phase.
Bands and frequency are programmable via I2C interface. The digital tuner adheres to the set frequency very precisely and is very stable. The only downside to this type of tuner is that you need digital logic to program the tuner. I usually use a PIR controller to control my digital tuners.

Let's take a look at some tuners: UV916 and noname tuner

In most cases, you will have a hard time finding the designation label on the tuner. I don't know why manufacturers are so disgusting about labeling tuners. I have collected over 50 tuners from various TVs and VCRs and have only been able to find about 10 with the correct label. Do not worry! Even if you cannot find any information about the tuner, you can open it and identify it from the diagram. Most often you will find a PLL synthesizer and one demodulator/mixer. Try to find the PLL datasheet and you will understand how to program the tuner.
One of the common UV916 tuners. Pictured is UV916H / UV916 E-tuner. I will help you identify it.

This tuner is based on two microcircuits. TDA5630 "9 V VHF, hyperband and UHF mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners" and TSA5512 "1.3 GHz Bidirectional I2C-buscontrolled synthesizer".
The TSA5512 is programmed to the desired frequency and sets the voltage to the Vtuning PLL located in the TDA5630 circuitry.
The tuning step of this tuner is fixed at 62.5kHz. This tuner has 9 pins and a housing connected to ground.

AGC = AGC automatic gain control. A voltage from 0 to 12V will control the gain of the preamp.
+12V = power supply for preamplifier and TDA5630 circuit.
+33V = PLL tuning voltage power supply.
+5V = PLL synthesizer power supply.
SCL = I2C clock PLL synthesizer.
SDA = I2C data to the PLL of the synthesizer.
AS = Address selection for tuner (used with MA1 and MA0 see datasheet page 8)
IF = IF output
IF = IF output

A rather difficult task in tuners is to set the desired range. Ranges are selected by programming port registers P0...P7 in the TSA5512 circuit. The range of UV916 correspond to the following table:

Noname tuner

Now, let's try to identify the components of the unnamed tuner that I have at my disposal.
After removing the cover, we will see two circuits: TDA 5630, which is a mixer and VCO, and TSA5522, a PLL synthesizer. Looking at the datasheet, we can find comprehensive information. Based on the TSA5522 datasheet and following the traces on the board, we can easily find the SCL and SDA inputs. We can also find pin P6, which is the input of a 5-level ADC converter, which can be used for automatic frequency control (AFC). We will use AFC (automatic frequency control). In most cases, you can choose not to use this input and leave it free-hanging. You can also find the entrance labeled AS. By selecting a certain voltage, one of the three synthesizers that can be present in the system can be selected. In most cases, you will be using a single tuner, so you can leave this input floating as well.
The frequency synthesizer circuit is powered by + 5V, while consuming a small current. After looking at page 13 of the datasheet, you can understand how the synthesizer works. The PLL uses the +33V input of the CP as the varicap setting voltage. By following the traces on the board, I was able to find the 33V DC input.

Looking at the datasheet of the TDA5630 microcircuit, we can find that it is powered by + 9V, and, guided by this level, we find the corresponding output of the block. The last of the outputs of the block is not listed in the datasheet, it is called AGC (automatic Gain Control, Automatic Gain Control, AGC). With this output, you can control preamplifier RF, changing its gain. A good solution is to set the level on this pin to half the system supply voltage, i.e. 6V, using a divider of two resistors. You will most often find the AGC pin on the first pin closest to the RF input.
Now we know the purpose of all the conclusions of this incomprehensible tuner. Read the datasheets to understand the logic of the PLL TSA5522.

Do not be afraid of a large number of filters and mixers, within a few minutes you will understand what's what.
The tuner belongs to the class of digital, whose frequency is controlled by applying a control signal to the I2C bus. The smallest tuning step of the tuner is 62.5 kHz.
For an easier understanding of the principles of operation, look at the figure. You have 2 handles. The left (red) controls the tuning of the tuner in 62.5 kHz steps. The right one controls DDS, which can be tuned in 0.01 Hz steps from 0 to 62.49999 kHz. In the example, I defined the tuning step of this generator as 1 Hz. The formula below shows you how you can use these two switches to any desired frequency. In fact, the DDS frequency does not lie in the range from 0 to 62.49999 kHz at all, its values ​​​​are from 5.01375 MHz to 5.07625 MHz).

With these two components (tuner and DDS), you can scan the entire 45-860 MHz range in 0.011 Hz steps! To understand the principles of the tuner, I describe each block. The IF (intermediate Frequency) output is set to 37 MHz, which is the European standard. The SAW filter cuts out-of-band transform products. The signal passing through the first mixer is mixed with a fixed crystal oscillator frequency of 42.5 MHz.
The conversion product of the first mixer is a frequency of 5.5 MHz. I use a standard piezoceramic filter at 5.5 to cut off out-of-band signals. The filter should have a bandwidth of 100 kHz, which is typical for TVs and VCRs.
Before considering the 2nd mixer, pay attention to the end of the circuit, where the detector is located. The detector operates at a frequency of 455 kHz, and in front of it is a piezoceramic filter for this frequency. If we set the DDS frequency to 5.5 MHz - 455 kHz = 5.045 MHz, we will get exactly the set receive frequency that we need. Remember, I told you about the smallest tuning step of the 62.5 kHz tuner? The UV916 has a tuning step of 62.5 kHz!
Now, if we change the DDS frequency within ±31.25 kHz, we can realize smooth tuning. DDS will then be tuned within 5.045 MHz ±31.25 kHz.

Conditions for the operation of this scheme

It will work perfectly if the 5.5 MHz bandwidth of the ceramic filter before the second mixer is wider than 62.5 kHz.
If the bandwidth is less than 62.5 kHz you will run into problems. In my test build (pictured below), I found that the 3-pin filter has a bandwidth of 600kHz and the 4-pin filter has a bandwidth of about 350kHz, which probably won't cause any problems. This is not very good in terms of filtering out-of-band signals. lower bandwidth will provide better sensitivity and selectivity.

After all this, you might think that the design contains a lot of mixers, filters and other crap ... Don't worry!
If you use the widely used IC MC13135/13136, you can already implement many blocks of this circuit with it alone. It contains one crystal oscillator, two mixers, an FM modulator, an RF output and many other valuable gadgets. You can find piezo ceramics and a 455 kHz circuit in cheap IC receivers. SAW filter, 5.5 MHz piezoceramic filter and tuner can be found in broken VCRs and TVs. I also think they can be found in perfectly working technology. Why not pick them out of a perfectly working widescreen TV?

9-section DDS filter

I will describe in detail in several sections the scheme of the Super-Scanner for ease of understanding.

Tuner block

For this design, I used the widely used UV916 tuner. The AGC voltage (AGC) is set to +6V using two resistors.
To power the device, I used three different power supplies (+5, +12 and +33 V). The I2C bus (SCL, SDA) is connected to the RB3 and RB4 pins of the PIC controller.
P3 remains suspended and the 37.0 MHz IF output is connected to the SAW filter input. The filter has two inputs and two outputs. The outputs are connected to the IF amplifier path. The bandwidth limits are 34-38.9 MHz. This helps to get rid of reception on the mirror channel.

DDS block

DDS is clocked at 50 MHz using a quartz resonator. From the PIC controller, control signals through RB5, RB6 and RB7 are sent to the DDS.
Inductors L1 and L2 filter the power supply voltage and separate the analog and digital parts.
The DDS output is loaded with 300 ohms and connected to a 9-bar P-filter. The filter eliminates harmonics and out-of-band emissions generated by the digital part of the circuit.
After the filter, a beautiful harmonic signal of 5.045 MHz is obtained.

One of the difficulties in assembling this design is that, due to the presence of small components, you must use a sharp soldering iron. Be calm and don't worry while soldering this little one...

IF block

Assembled on MC33165. Conclusions 1 and 2 local oscillator. I have used the schema quartz resonator. Pin 3 detects the output of the LO buffer stage. The SAW-filtered signal is fed through pin 22 to the input of the first mixer. The transformation products are removed from the 20th leg. A 5.5 MHz piezoceramic filter cuts all signals that are +/- 100 kHz apart. The signal comes to the input of the second mixer, where it is mixed with the DDS signal coming to the 6th leg. The conversion products pass through the 455 kHz filter to the FM detector.
A coil is connected to the quadrature detector through pin 13. From pins 15-16 you can take a voltage level proportional to the level of the input signal in decibels. When using the receiver as a spectrum analyzer, you can connect this output to the Y input of an oscilloscope. The X input is connected to the frequency setting voltage. Pin 17 audio output. The signal there has a value of 50-150 mV, which is quite small. I boosted it simple amplifier shown at the bottom of the diagram.

RS232 interface

Now I will explain how the circuit works in conjunction with a computer. You don't have to go into this if you don't want to, but some people might want to write a program that controls the receiver. So I took care of everything!
I designed this receiver in such a way that its settings can be completely controlled from the computer. Thus, you can make sure that the device is working even before connecting buttons, display, etc. to it. In the end, you can make a portable stand-alone device, but first of all, let's make sure that it is fully operational, the shortest way to what is connecting it to a computer and checking the correct calculation and setting of the required reception frequency. In order to connect the device to a computer, it was necessary to introduce into the RS circuit an interface assembled on a MAX232 chip, which converts TTL levels into a standard COM port. I chose a baud rate of 19200, with parity, 8 bits and 1 stop bit (19200, e, 8.1). Now let's look at the protocol.

The software written by me is unified. This means that you can use many different tuners with this software. First of all, you need to apply the required levels to 9 registers. Adressbyte assigns tuneradress to I2C. Dividerbyte 1 and 2 are used to set the tuner frequency.
Controlbyte is used to control PLL currents and other things, Portbytes selects the desired receive range. In the document TSA5512.pdf you can find the principle of managing the registers of the tuner. The function performed by the program is to calculate the values ​​of these 9 registers and send them to the PIC controller. The PIC receives the information, translates it into the I2C bus protocol and sends it to the tuner and DDS. You do not need to understand what the PIC controller does, but to write a program, you still have to figure it out.

To complete the receiver frequency tuning, you need to send 9 bytes to the PIC controller. The first 5 are used to control the tuner (yellow). The next 4 bytes (green) set the DDS frequency. You can read more detailed information about DDS at this link. The table above shows 9 registers. When all the information has been sent from the computer to the controller, make sure that the tuner and DDS frequencies are set correctly.

Windows program

I wrote a simple program, the interface of which you can see in the screenshot.

Let me tell you about the purpose of buttons and windows.

receiving frequency

Receiving frequency, here you can set the frequency on which you want to receive. Enter a value in the green box and click Set Freq. You can also set the step size for scanning up/down. The pitch is entered in the same way as the frequency.

Comport

Here you can set the desired COM port for communication.

Tuner register settings

Here you can set the register values. Dividerbyte 1 and Dividerbyte 2 are calculated automatically depending on the received frequency in the Receiving Frequency window. Addressbyte, Controlbyte and Ports byte can be changed manually at any time. Each time the value is changed, the program automatically sends data to the tuner.
Remember, when changing the frequency above 150 MHz and 450 MHz, you must manually switch the Ports byte range, because The program cannot do this automatically.

DDS Setting

To set the DDS frequency, you need to know the Reference frequency of the DDS. The output frequency is calculated based on the Reference frequency entered earlier. You will also see 32 bit DDS displayed as 4 bytes.

Buffer

The buffer displays 9 bytes sent to the PIC. When the Send button is pressed, the contents of the buffer are sent to the PIC via RS232 immediately. This also happens with any change in any of the values.

Let's look at the numbers above:

IF = Xtal - DDS - 455kHz => 42.5e6 - 5.02e6 - 455e3 = 37.025.000 Hz
Tuner VCO = 62500 * tuner divider => 62500 * 2274 = 142.125.000 Hz
RF receive = Tuner VCO - IF => 142.125e6 -37.025.e6 = 105.1 MHz

Look how great!
Well, that's all about the program.

Download Firmware PIC16F84 (INHX8M format)

Download datasheets

My performance of the Super Scanner.

I want you to see how I embodied everything in iron.
Below is a photo of what I soldered late the evening before.

Soldering is made by a combination of conventional elements and surface mounting.
I added a converter to the circuit to get the 33 V tuning voltage.
I also added two (black and yellow) piezoceramic resonators at 455 kHz and a relay for switching them. I also added a relay to switch the signal amplification from the detector output. This is done by simply switching resistors in parallel with the coil of the quadrature detector. My reason for making these improvements is that I wanted to receive both wideband and narrowband signals with the best possible quality.

Fabrication and verification of the scheme

Do not connect the IF path until all other nodes have been debugged. I recommend that you run DDS first. When you get a good signal from the DDS of the desired chat, grab the tuner. Locate the TP test point on the diagram. Connect a voltmeter to it direct current and measure the voltage. It should change as the tuning frequency changes. This is an easy way to make sure the tuner is working properly. Now turn on the IF unit and check the frequency of the crystal oscillator. Hope everything works out well for you.

Final words

This project will serve as your starting point for creating your tuner projects. This project could grow to almost biblical proportions. There are so many different keyboards and displays on the market that I decided to omit this part, and simply control the receiver from your computer.

You can write to me if something is not clear.
I wish you good luck with your projects and thank you for visiting my page.