How to create a calculated field in excel. Calculated Columns in Transact-SQL How to Create a Calculated Column

In this article we will talk about calculated fields in Access queries. A query, like a table, can perform calculations on numeric, string, or date values ​​for each record using data from one or more fields. The result of the calculation forms a new calculated field in the query table. Unlike calculated table fields, calculated fields in source database tables do not create new fields. Each time the query is executed, calculations are made based on the current field values.

Calculated field expressions can use constants and functions in addition to field names. As a result of processing an expression, only one value can be obtained.

Task 1. The PRODUCT table has the PRICE and RATE_VAT fields. Calculate the price including VAT and compare it with the price obtained in the calculated field of the Price including VAT table.

1. Create a select query in design mode for the PRODUCT table. Drag the fields NAME_TOV, PRICE, RATE_VAT and Price with VAT into the request form (Fig. 4.6).
2. To calculate the price including VAT, create a calculated field by writing the expression [PRICE]+[PRICE]*[RATE_VAT] in the empty cell of the Field row.
3. To select records with a value greater than 5000 in the calculated field, enter > 5000 in the Criteria line
4. After entering an expression, the system by default generates the name of the calculated field Expression 1, which becomes the column heading in the table with the results of the query. This name will be inserted before the expression [PRICE]+[PRICE]*[VAT_RATE]. For each new calculated field in the query, the expression number increases by one. The name of the calculated field is separated from the expression by a colon. To change the name, place the mouse cursor in the calculated field of the request form and click the right mouse button. From the context-sensitive menu, select Properties(Properties) field and in the Caption line enter a new field name - Price including VAT1. Now in the table with the results of the query, this name will be displayed in the header of the calculated column. The field name can also be corrected directly in the request form.
5. To display the result of the query, click on the button Execute(Run) in the group results(Results). The calculated field of the table and the query have the same values.
6. Change the price of the product in one of the request records. The values ​​in both calculated fields will be instantly recalculated.
7. To form a complex expression in a calculated field or selection condition, it is advisable to use the expression builder. The builder allows you to select the field names needed in the expression from tables, queries, operation signs, and functions. Remove the expression in the calculated field and use the builder to generate it.
8. Call the Expression Builder by clicking the button Builder(Builder) in the group Query setup(Query Setup) ribbon Design, or by selecting Build(Build) in the context-sensitive menu. The mouse cursor must be previously positioned in the expression input cell.
9. On the left side of the window Expression Builder(Expression Builder) (Fig. 4.7) select the PRODUCT table on which the query is based. A list of its fields will be displayed on the right. Sequentially select the required fields and operators by double-clicking them into the expression. The expression will be formed at the top of the window. Please note that the builder indicated the name of the table to which it belongs before the field name and separated it from the field name with an exclamation mark.
10. Complete the process of constructing an expression in a calculated field by clicking the OK button.
11. Save the request under the name ― Price with VAT and close it.
12. Execute the saved one by selecting it in the navigation area and selecting the Open command from the context menu.

Task 2. You can use built-in functions in calculated fields and filter conditions. Access has over 150 functions defined.
Let it be necessary to select all invoices for which shipment was made in a given month. In the INVOICE, the shipment date is stored in the DATE_OTG field with the Date/Time data type.

1. Create a select query in design mode for the INVOICE table. Drag the fields NOM_NAKL and CODE_SK into the form (Fig. 4.8).
2. Create a calculated field in an empty row cell Field(Field) by writing one of the expressions there: Format([INVOICE]![DATE_DATE];"mmmm") - this function will return the full name of the month
   or Format([INBOOK]![DISPOSITION_DATE];"mm") - this function will return the month number.
3. To select invoices issued in a given month, in the calculated field in the Selection Condition (Criteria) line, enter the name of the month, for example March (Fig. 4.8), or the month number, for example 3 in accordance with the parameter in the Format function.
4. Complete your request by clicking the button Execute(Run) in the group results(Results) on the ribbon tab Working with requests | Constructor(Query Tools | Design).
5. Write the function Month(INVOICE!DATE_OTG) in the calculated field and make sure that this function returns the month number extracted from the date.
6. To select all rows related to the second quarter, in the Criteria row, enter the operator Between 4 And 6, which determines whether the value of the expression falls within the specified interval.
7. Write the expression MonthName(Month(INVOICE!DATE_OTG)) in the calculated field and make sure that the MonthName function converts the month number to its full name.

To reinforce this, watch the video tutorial.

When you analyze data using PivotTables, you often need to include in your report values ​​that result from calculations that were performed outside of the original data set. Excel program provides the user with the means to perform calculations in pivot tables using calculated fields and calculated items. In Fig. Figure 1 shows how a calculated field can present data from a different perspective. The pivot table displays sales volume and time (in hours) spent selling equipment in each market. A calculated field that calculates average revenue per hour enhances the ability to analyze data in a pivot table.

Rice. 1. You need to create a calculated field in an existing pivot table Average revenue per hour, which will give new meaning to the analyzed data

Download the note in or format, examples in format

A calculated field is a data field that is created as a result of calculations based on existing PivotTable fields. The calculated field is added to the dataset as a virtual column. This column is not included in the source data, contains values ​​determined by a formula, and interacts with PivotTable data in the same way as other PivotTable fields.

With calculated fields, you can insert a formula into a PivotTable, allowing you to create your own field. The newly created data will become part of the pivot table, interacting with the existing data. When you update pivot tables, calculated fields are recalculated, and the pivot table itself is filled with information that was not in the original data set.

Now look at fig. 5.1 and ask yourself: Why did you need to add calculated fields? Why not use regular cell formulas or perform the necessary calculations directly on the source table to get the information you need?” To answer these questions, let's look at the different methods you can use to create the calculated field shown in Figure 1.

Method 1: Add a calculated field to the data source

You can add a calculated field to your data source, as shown in Figure. 2, allowing the PivotTable to use this field as a standard data field. If the arrangement of information on the data source sheet allows this to be done, then what might be the best solution. By the way, adding a new column will require not just updating the pivot table, but changing the scope on which the pivot is based. To do this, click on summary and go through the menu Analysis → Data Source → Data Source.

I try to turn the original data into a Table (which is done in Fig. 2 and in the attached Excel file). In this case, firstly, the headings are highlighted, secondly, buttons with filters appear, which is often useful for data exploration, thirdly, the rows are colored one at a time, and, finally, the most important thing, when adding rows and columns it is not necessary change the data area for a pivot table. The area specified as such is not a rectangular range, but the name of the Table. In our case - Source(Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Formation of a summary based on a special Excel tool – Table

But this method also has disadvantages: firstly, it is not always convenient to add a column to the source data, and secondly, the possibilities are limited if the structure of the source data changes (for example, you are exporting data from 1C, and the new export has one more column; this new column will overwrite your calculation column).

Method 2: Use a formula outside the PivotTable to create a calculated field

You can add a calculated field next to a pivot table. In Fig. 4 each cell in a column Average revenue per hour provided with a formula that references a pivot table. By the way, if, when you try to refer to a pivot table cell, the GET.PIOTTABLE.DATA function pops up in your formula, then you will not be able to “pull” the formula. To overcome this difficulty, read the note.

Rice. 4. When you enter a formula after creating a PivotTable, you are essentially adding a calculated field that changes when the PivotTable itself is updated

Although this method adds a calculated field that is updated when the PivotTable is refreshed, any changes to the PivotTable structure may render the formula useless. For example, as a result of dragging the Sales market field into the FILTERS area of ​​the list of fields in a pivot table, the structure of the report changes, as a result of which an error message appears in the calculated field (Fig. 5). If you add another field to the COLUMNS area of ​​the pivot table, the column Average revenue per hour will be overwritten.

Method 3: Directly inserting a calculated field into the PivotTable

Inserting a calculated field directly into a PivotTable is often the best solution. If you use this method, you won't have to adjust the formulas. It will also be possible to automatically adjust the table in accordance with the changed data source. The necessary degree of flexibility will be achieved to ensure automatic recalculation of fields in case of changes in units of measurement.

Another advantage of this method is that if you use it, you can change the structure of the pivot table and even the data fields for the different units of measurement used in the calculated fields. At the same time, you can be sure that there will be no errors in formulas and cell references will not be lost.

The PivotTable report shown in Figure 6 presents a summary table, which is shown in Fig. 1, except that it is reconstructed to show average revenue per hour for each service and each market.

Rice. 6. The previously created calculated field remains “valid” even if the structure of the pivot table is changed, resulting in the display of average revenue per hour for each service and each sales market

Create a calculated field

Before you can create a calculated field, you must open or generate a PivotTable. Our example uses the pivot table shown in Fig. 1, but without column D. To create a calculated field, activate the dialog box Inserting a calculated field. To do this, click on the pivot table to activate the group of contextual tabs Working with Pivot Tables. Go to the tab Analysis, to the group Computations, click on the button Fields, elements and sets and select the Calculated field command from the menu (Fig. 7).

A dialog box will appear on the screen Inserting a calculated field(Fig. 8). There are two text fields at the top of the dialog box: Name And Formula. In these fields, you must specify the name of the calculated field and create a formula by specifying the required data fields and mathematical operators. The calculated field is given a descriptive name Average revenue per hour. This name should be chosen to accurately describe the type of mathematical operation being performed. Default text field Formula dialog box Inserting a calculated field contains the expression = 0. You must remove the zero before entering the formula. Select one of the fields in the area Fields; in our case - Volume of sales and click Add a field. The field name will appear in the line Formula. Enter the division sign / and then select the second field – Sales period (in hours). Click Add, and then OK to activate the new calculated field.

A new calculated field will appear in the PivotTable Average revenue per hour(see Fig. 1). A new calculated field has just been successfully added to a PivotTable. You can now change the settings for this new field just like you would change the settings for any other field (for example, field name, number format, or color).

Does this mean that you have added the column to the data source? No. Calculated fields are like elements Subtotal And total amount PivotTable functions are the default because they are all mathematical functions that recalculate data when the PivotTable is changed or updated. Calculated fields simply mimic explicitly defined fields in the data source. You can drag them around, change field settings, and use them together with other calculated fields.

Please note that in fig. 8 The format of the formula you entered is similar to that used in the standard line Excel formulas. The main difference is that instead of using strict cell references or numeric values, you reference PivotTable data fields to assign values ​​to arguments used in calculations.

Creating Calculated Items

A calculated element is essentially a virtual row of data that is added as a result of performing calculations on other rows in the same field. Very often, a result similar to that obtained when creating a calculated item can be achieved by grouping the data. Indeed, in many cases, grouping provides an excellent alternative to calculated members.

In the summary table shown in Fig. 9, the total sales volume for certain reporting periods is indicated (field Reporting period). Imagine that you want to compare the average sales volume of the last six periods with the average sales volume of the previous seven periods. To be more precise, we need to determine the average for periods P01–P07 and compare it with the average for periods P08–P13.

Place the pointer in any cell of the field Reporting period go to the contextual ribbon tab Analysis to the group Computing, and click on the button Fields, elements and sets. In the menu that opens, select the command Computed object(Fig. 10).

A dialog box will open (Fig. 11). Notice that at the top of the dialog box it indicates which field you are working with. In this case this field Reporting period. In addition, the list contains all the elements of the field Reporting period. Give the calculated item a name, and then create a formula with the necessary combination of data items and operators that will produce the correct result. The formula is entered into the field Formula, and the necessary data elements used in it are selected in the list Elements. Click the button OK, and the calculated element will be added to the pivot table (Fig. 12).

Rice. 11. Dialog box Inserting a Calculated Item

Similarly, create a calculated item that will represent the average sales for the periods P08–P13. Then hide the individual reporting periods, leaving only two calculated items. With a little formatting, our calculated items will be used to compare average sales for the previous and subsequent six months (Figure 13).

If you do not hide the data items used in the calculation of calculated items, the subtotals and grand totals may be incorrect.

Advantages and Disadvantages of PivotTable Calculations

There are also certain disadvantages to using calculated fields and elements. It's important to understand what happens when you calculate data in PivotTables, but it's more important to understand the limitations of calculated fields and calculated items to help prevent errors as you analyze your data.

Priority of operations. As in spreadsheets, any operator can be used in formulas for calculated items and fields: +, –, *, /, %, ^, etc. Moreover, like spreadsheets, calculations in pivot tables are performed according to operator precedence. When you perform a calculation that combines multiple operators, such as (2+3) *4/50%, Excel evaluates the expression and performs the calculation in a specific order. Knowing this order will save you from many mistakes.

So, the order of operations in Excel is as follows:

• processing expressions in parentheses;
• range processing(:);
• processing intersections (areas);
• handle joins (;);
• performing a negation operation;
• conversion of percentage values ​​(for example, 50% is converted to 0.50);
• exponentiation (^);
• multiplication (*) and division (/); these operations have equal priority;
• addition (+) and subtraction (–); these operations have equal priority;
• combining text data (&) this operation is also called concatenation;
• performing comparison operations (=,<>, <=, >=).

Equivalent operators in the same expression are always executed in order (from left to right).

Let's look at a simple example. As you know, the expression (2+3)*4 returns the result 20. If you remove the parentheses and leave the expression 2+3*4, then Excel will calculate: 3*4 = 12 + 2 = 14.

Let's look at another example. If you enter the expression 10^2 as a formula, i.e. If you specify to square the number 10, the program will return the value 100 as an answer. If you enter the expression –10^2, you can expect the value to return –100. However, Excel will again return the value 100. The reason is that the program performs the negation operation before exponentiation, i.e. the value 10 is first converted to -10, and the result of -10*-10 is actually 100. Using parentheses in the formula -(10^2) ensures that the program performs the exponentiation first and then the negation, returning the expected result - 100.

Cell references and named ranges. Cell references or named ranges cannot be used when creating calculated fields and items because when you create calculated objects in a PivotTable, you are essentially working outside of object space. The only data available to users is in the pivot table cache. Because you can't go beyond the cache, you can't reference cells or named ranges in the formula you create.

Worksheet Functions. You can use any worksheet function that does not use cell references or named objects as arguments. In fact, you can use any worksheet function that does not necessarily require cell references or named objects. Functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, IF, AND, NO, and OR fall into this category.

Constants. You can use any constants in calculations performed in pivot tables. Constants are static values ​​that do not change over time. For example, in the following formula, the number 5 is a constant: [Units sold] *5. Even though the meaning Units sold may change based on available data, the number 5 will always be the same.

Links to totals. Formulas that perform calculations cannot reference PivotTable subtotals or totals. In other words, you cannot use the result of a running or total calculation as a variable or argument in a calculated field.

Special rules for calculated fields. Calculations in calculated fields are always performed on totals, not individual data items. Simply put, Excel always calculates data fields, subtotals, and totals before evaluating a calculated field. This means that your calculated field is always applied to the totals for the source data. The example shown in Fig. 14 demonstrates how this can affect data analysis.

Rice. 14. Although a calculated field is valid for individual data items, it is not mathematically correct to use it for subtotals

In each quarter, you need to obtain the final sales volumes for each product by multiplying the number of units sold by the unit price of that product. If you look at the first quarter data first, you'll immediately identify the problem. Instead of calculating the sum of 220+150+220+594, which is 1184, the sum of the number of units is multiplied by the sum of the prices of the goods, resulting in an incorrect value. Unfortunately, this problem cannot be solved, but it can be worked around. Eliminate subtotals and subtotals from the PivotTable, and then calculate a new total at the bottom outside of the PivotTable.

Special rules for using calculated members. A PivotTable cannot use calculated items that calculate means, standard deviations, or variances. Conversely, you cannot use means, standard deviations, or variances in a PivotTable that contains a calculated item. You won't be able to use a page field to create a calculated item, or you won't be able to move calculated items into the report filter area. You cannot add a calculated item to a report that contains a grouped field, and you cannot group any field in a PivotTable that contains a calculated item. When you create a calculated item formula, you cannot reference an item from an external field.

Manage and support calculations in pivot tables

When working with pivot tables, situations often arise when there is no point in storing the pivot table longer than it takes to copy individual values. However, there are often situations when it is more profitable to store the pivot table and all its elements unchanged. If you maintain and manage a PivotTable by changing requirements and increasing the volume of source data, you need to manage calculated fields and calculated members.

Editing and deleting calculations in pivot tables. If you change the calculation settings or no longer need a calculated field or calculated member, you can open the corresponding dialog box to edit or delete the calculation. Activate the dialog box Inserting a calculated field or Inserting a Calculated Item(see description to Fig. 7 and 10) and select the drop-down list in it Name(Fig. 15).

Change the order in which calculations are performed in calculated fields. If the value of a cell in a PivotTable depends on the result of the calculation of several calculated items, you can change the order in which the operations in the calculated fields are performed. In other words, you can specify the order in which individual calculations will be performed. To open the dialog box , position the pointer anywhere in the pivot table and click the icon Fields, elements and sets. In the drop-down menu, select the Calculation order command (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Open the dialog box Calculation order

In the dialog box Calculation order(Fig. 17), all calculated elements that are added to the pivot table are displayed. Select any calculated item in the list and use the buttons Up, Down And Delete. The order in which the formulas appear in the list determines the exact order in which the calculations are performed in the PivotTable.

Documentation of formulas. Excel provides you with an excellent tool that displays the calculated fields and calculated items used in a PivotTable, as well as how to perform calculations and apply formulas. This tool is very useful for analyzing a third-party PivotTable or when you need to quickly determine what calculations are used in it and which fields and elements they affect. To create a report on PivotTable calculations, hover your pointer anywhere in the PivotTable and click Fields, elements and sets and select the command from the drop-down menu Derive formulas. Excel will create a report on calculated fields and elements on a separate sheet (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Team Derive formulas allows you to quickly and easily document calculations in a pivot table

The note was written based on the book by Jelen, Alexander. . Chapter 5.

The word Table is capitalized because it is not just a table, but a separate Excel tool.

The first way to create a calculated field is based on the fact that the form is based on a query that includes calculated columns. The form creates a text field that specifies a calculated query column as its data source. The field is locked so that the user cannot change the data in it. Data is calculated during query execution. To lock a field in mode Designer in the window Properties calculated field on the Data tab in a row Lock enter YES.

In the second case, the form is built on the basis of a table. A new field is created in the form, in which an expression is specified as the data source, for example, = [Unit Price]*Quantity. When referring to fields in expressions, it is mandatory to use square brackets if the field name consists of more than one word. Entering an expression directly into a control (field) is allowed if it is short and the length of the field allows it. Otherwise, the expression is entered into the property cell Data window Properties. You can use the expression builder to do this. If the expression does not fit in the property cell, you need to press the + keys and open the window Input area. If necessary, you should set the field format when displayed on the screen.

6. Creating a Button Form

Select menu command Service/Utilities/Pushbutton Form Manager.

In the dialog box that asks if you want to create a button form, click YES.

A window will appear on the screen Button Form Manager. This window contains a list of button form pages. At the beginning of work, the window is one page. In the window, click the button

Change. A dialog box opens. Changing a button form page

Edit the name of the form. Click the button Create . A window appears.

Changing a button form element In field Text Enter the name of the button to create. The name of the button should be associated by the user with the objects with which he intends to work. Second field Team

allows you to define the action that will be performed after clicking this button. Select the command required for your application from the drop-down list.

Add buttons for all forms and reports, structuring them by type. Add a button to exit the application, as well as a button to quick access To.

Button form manager Set up the application to Main button form opened when opening the database..

To do this, use the menu command

Tools/Startup Options

EXAMPLE:

Rice. 28. Top level button form Lab 3 Creating Queries

Goal of the work -

gain practical skills in developing database queries.

Exercise:

1.Test the database schema using typical queries. You must create at least one request of each type described below. In the report, queries should be presented in natural language, in SQL, and should also provide an example of the result of executing the query.

Work sequence Create a single-table select query using Query Builder IN database window.

click on the bookmark Click the button.

Requests Click the button In the window New request select Constructor.

and press the button OK In the window Adding a table select from the list window the table (or query) on which the query will be based and click the button Add..

Close the current window. Next, a window will appear on the screen Query Builder Add a field to the request. To do this in source table, located at the top of the window sample request, select the desired field. Double-click the left mouse button on the highlighted field.

At the same time, at the bottom of the window Requests a column corresponding to the selected field will appear in the request form.

To add all table fields to a query, select the field indicated by an asterisk (*). The asterisk makes the work of constructing a query easier, but makes sorting and entering conditions for selecting fields more complicated.

By default, all request fields are not sorted. If necessary, you can specify in the line Sorting query form, how to display column values: ascending or descending. When you specify a sort order in multiple fields, records are sorted by the leftmost column first, and then by each subsequent column from left to right.

In line Output on display check the boxes that you want to see in the recordset after running the query. By default, all fields included in the request form are displayed.

In the request form in the line Selection condition and in the line Or specify the conditions for sampling from the database.

Conditions are logical expressions. A logical operation is performed on selection conditions located in one line AND . Several selection conditions for one field can be set in one of two ways: enter all conditions in one cell of the row Selection condition , connecting them with a logical operator OR Or. , or enter each condition in a separate cell of the row Move to next row of cell area OR<>by key . Expressions in a cell of the request form are entered from the keyboard or used to create them. Expression Builder Build, which is launched by the command . Several selection conditions for one field can be set in one of two ways: enter all conditions in one cell of the row from the context menu associated with the line Build(or you can press the button on the toolbar).

Access View the query results by clicking the button Launch (button with an exclamation mark) or button View

on the toolbar. In situations where you need to change a query property, double-click the empty area at the top of the window Request constructor - a window will open.

Request Properties Designer Queries created in modes And Masters (button with an exclamation mark) or button, generate commands in SQL language. You can view these commands by selecting from the menu optionmode.

To do this, use the menu command

SQL

Select information about products in quantities greater than 100, but less than 300 and costing less than 100 rubles.

Rice. 10. Query constructor with condition

2. Rice. 11. Query result with condition

Inner join on one field database window Select a tab database window, click the button Create. Click the button A dialog box will open New request.

and press the button OK. Add. Select an option

select sequentially several related tables on which the query will be built. At the top

related tables are displayed. View the query results by clicking the button Fill out the request form. (button with an exclamation mark) or button to display the results of the query.

To do this, use the menu command

Select the names of the products for the supply of which a contract has been concluded, indicating the names of their manufacturers and the volume of supply.

Rice. 12. Multi-table query designer

Rice. 13. Result of a multi-table query

3. External connections

Follow steps 1-3 of section Internal join on one field.

Establish a relationship between the tables if it has not previously been registered in Scheme DB.

Click on the field merge line to highlight it.

Select commands from the menu (button with an exclamation mark) or button option Merging options. A dialog box appears Merge Options.

Select the join type, click the button Constructor.

4. After this operation, an arrow will appear on the join line indicating the type of connection.

Including a group transaction in the request form Click the button Group Operations  , sign Add. on the toolbar Sorting. In the request form above the line.

the line will appear In the request form above the line Group operation Replace in line installation Grouping for the required group operation, by selecting it from the combo box:, SumAvgCount, , M, in, Max, StDev, Var, FirstLastExpression(expression),Where (condition),Group

by(grouping). , Expression allows you to enter an expression instead of a field name in a cell, M([ for example, to calculate the range of values ​​for a certain column]) – X:([ for example, to calculate the range of values ​​for a certain column]).

X Min . Several selection conditions for one field can be set in one of two ways: enter all conditions in one cell of the row.

Condition

To do this, use the menu command

indicates that this field will be used to set the conditions for selecting records. The selection condition itself is written to the row cell

3. Complete the request.

Select the total number of products from each manufacturer, indicating its name.

5. Rice. 14. Query constructor with grouping of records

Add. .

Rice. 15. Result of a query with grouping of records Field Including calculated fields in a request form Build, Click in the line according to the empty column of the request form. Enter the column name, followed by a colon, followed by an expression. To enter an expression, click on the button.

to take advantage Expression Builder At the top

Expression Builder In the request form above the line In the input area, create an expression. by In a calculated field column, move the cursor to the row by and select from the dropdown list (if you don't select the option, when executed, the request opens a dialog box

Enter parameter value

To do this, use the menu command

or returns an error message).

Run the request.

Calculate the total order amount for each contract (defined as the product of the quantity of goods and the price plus transportation costs).

6.Rice. 16. Query constructor with a calculated field

Rice. 17. Result of a query with a calculated field Query builder.

Enter strings in one of the cells Selection condition a parameter, not a value. For example, if you select records by last name, then parametric query on the field Surname in the selection conditions, the phrase [enter last name] may be written in square brackets.

Select from menu Request option Options. In the dialog box Request parameters in the left column, enter in square brackets the parameter that matches the parameter in Add. request form (the parameter can be copied from the request form).

In the right column, specify the data type: press the key on the toolbar , select a data type from the list. (if you don't select the option Run the execution request. Constructor.

will display the window

To do this, use the menu command

, in which enter the parameter value you require and press the button

5. Run the execution request.

Select a list of products whose expiration date exceeds the specified value.

Rice. 18. Parametric Query Builder

7. Rice. 19. Entering the expiration date of the product

Rice. 20. Result of a parametric query Designer Creating Cross Queries 1. Create with

new request

and include the necessary tables in it. 2. Select the fields whose values ​​will be used to create the rows and columns of the dynamic table, and drag them into the query form. 3. Select a command from the menu Designer Query/Cross. Heading will change from Query 1: per sample . on Query 1: Cross Query .

The request form will display the line Query 1: Cross Query Cross table 4. For fields that will be crosstab rows, open the Row drop-down list select option Row headers.

Each field that is a line header must have a Group operation setting in the line

Grouping. Query 1: Cross Query 5. For fields that will be crosstab columns, depending on the query, the following actions are possible: in line select option Column Headings and in line Group operation installation Column Headings – grouping, or in line Condition, in lines Selection condition And OR

write down Query 1: Cross Query logical expression. 6. Set the field on the basis of which the total value will be created. In line choose Column Headings Meaning. In line select the final function or Field Expression.

In the latter case, in the cell

To do this, use the menu command

write down the expression.

7. Run the execution request.

Select the total quantities of ordered products of each type produced by each manufacturer. Present the result in the form of a table, where the rows are the names of product types and the columns are the names of manufacturers.

8.Rice. 21. Cross Query Builder

To create a table from the results of a query that was used to select records in related tables, follow these steps:

Make a copy of the query to select records from tables (or create a new one).

Open the created request in mode designer, by highlighting its name in the list of queries in the database window and clicking the button New request.

Select a command from the menu Query/Create Table.A dialog box will open Creating a table. Enter the name of the new table, leave the radio button in position

In the current database. OK Click the button

.

In the current database. The select query is converted into a table creation query. Run the query by double-clicking on the query name in the DB window. Before the query runs, a message appears that warns you that changes will be made to the new table (even though it has not yet been created). The select query is converted into a table creation query..

Yes

9..

A second warning message appears about the number of records that will be placed in the new table as a result of the query. Click the button

Select a command from the menu Expand the Tables tab in the DB window; A new table should appear in the list. Request to update records Sorting Create a new query and include the created copy of the table in it. Query/Update. In the line request form.

In line In the line request form And

Output on display

will be replaced with the string

To do this, use the menu command

Update

specify an expression that represents the new value for the current field.

10.If information is not updated in all records of the table, but only in part of it, enter a condition for selecting records.

Complete the request. Check that records are updated correctly.

Update the cost of products whose quantity exceeds 500 units, setting it at 90% of the original cost.

Rice. 23. Update request constructor Request to delete records Create a copy of the table in which the records are supposed to be updated.

Create a new query and include the appropriate table in it.

Drag and drop fields into the request form whose values ​​will be used to select fields. In line Selection conditions indicate the selection criteria. Run a select query to display the records to be deleted..

Open database window.

Select a command from the menu . Request to update records Sorting Create a new query and include the created copy of the table in it. Query/Update. Select a tab.

related tables are displayed. View the query results by clicking the button Tables

Activate the created selection request and go to the mode Request constructor Query/Delete Removal there are related records, violates the data integrity rule. Therefore, the data integrity option set on a relationship between tables may prevent records from being deleted. A cascade delete should be applied.

To do this, use the menu command

Rice. 24. Delete request constructor

11. Request to add records

An append query is often used to copy data from one table to another.

Inner join on one field database window Select a tab database window, click the button Create. Click the button A dialog box will open Constructor.

and press the button OK select the table from which the data will be taken.

Move to line Field request form for fields whose values ​​will be included in another table.

Select menu commands Request/Add. A window will appear Addition

, where you need to specify the name of the table to which you are supposed to add data, and which database it belongs to. If the database is not the current one, but some other one, then you will have to specify the full name of the file containing the database. In the request form after the line Sorting the line will be included Addition,in which you need to indicate the table fields where data is added. If the field names are the sameA With A window will appear cess

will automatically insert into the line

field names. A window will appear Run the execution request. See how the table has changed with new rows added. If in a request for there are fields like

Counter If in a request for, then you can work with such fields in two ways: do not include type fields in the fields that need to be added;

then in the table where the data is added, the numbering of the data sequence will continue, i.e. if there is a table of employees with numbers from 1 to 100 and add to it If in a request for new entries , then their numbering will start from number 101; include fields of type

Method 2: right-click on the values ​​of the desired field in the ΣValues ​​area and select:

Additionally, to select a different function from the suggested list, configure the field format and change the field name.

To take advantage of the effects. Today we will teach you. Mark the cells you want to draw. Lesson 3: Tables and PivotCharts. Let's say we have a set to analyze. To use a PivotTable, select any cell on the worksheet and choose PivotTable from the Insert menu.

Then you can get the information. When creating charts, it doesn't matter whether the table has a border or other formatting elements. Introduction to Formulas and Functions Performing calculations, whether simple or complex, can be tedious and time-consuming.

 Additional calculations, then select the desired calculation option.

Reusing an original field in a PivotTable report

You can make multiple calculations using the same source field. To do this, you need to add the original field from the list of fields in the pivot table to the range of values ​​Σ Values ​​[Σ

Values] several times, then adjust the field parameters. This will allow you to simultaneously see both the calculation itself and the calculation performed based on it.

Add calculated fields to a PivotTable

You can't add new rows or columns to a PivotTable report to insert formulas or add additional calculations, but you can add a calculated field that allows you to enter formulas to calculate new data based on existing data.

Databases Worksheet 1 Databases Worksheet 1 Create a “Databases” folder to store all course data. Creates a query that displays titles and descriptions. The Manage Database dialog box appears. Using this window, the user manages the database and all its elements.

What is a spreadsheet? A spreadsheet is a program for performing mathematical calculations. With its help we can also make legible calculations in the form. To take advantage of specific actions. The most labor-intensive part is data preparation. Problem 1 Math Group 2 Follow these steps in turn. Run the table.

Inserting a calculated field directly into a PivotTable is best solution. There's no need to manage formulas or worry about table extensibility as the data source grows or edits, and the pivot table remains flexible enough to change field definitions.

Another huge advantage of this method is that you can change the structure of the PivotTable and even calculate other data fields for calculated fields without worrying about formula errors or broken cell references.

West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Faculty of Marine Technology and Transport Department of Structures, Mechanics and Technology Ship in an operational research laboratory. Pivot tables are used to quickly analyze data. To use pivot tables, we must have the data properly prepared with headers.

To avoid such situations, you should format our data as a table. To format data as a table. This will select all headers. . The next choice is the location of the pivot table, and to maintain readability of the data you should leave the New Sheet option, which will insert new leaf to the table.

Microsoft Excel 2010. Level 2. Advanced features

So, the benefits of adding your own calculated fields to a PivotTable are clear:

 Eliminate potential errors in formulas and cell references.

 The ability to add and remove data from a pivot table without changing the original calculations.

There is a new PivotTable sheet that is empty. On the right side there is a list of fields, which contains all the headings from our table, and a plan with its areas. Let's say we want to see who was the best seller. In this case, select the Seller field and the Amount field, because after the sale we will check who was the best. The report will look like this.

The default is column. The pivot tables can be easily modified and if you want to check the top selling country, simply cancel the purchase and mark it with the seller. Immediately we receive a new report from which you can read the result.

 The ability to automatically recalculate data when changing or updating a pivot table.

 Provides flexibility to change calculations when element definitions change.

 Ability to effectively manage calculations.

Create a calculated field:

1. Select a pivot table cell;

We can also add a subcategory to the Seller by checking this box. The sales report automatically summarizes the values ​​it displays, but these totals often make analysis difficult. We can also get rid of the total and change the report layout.

To quickly change the report and see how he sold Dobrovalsky to other countries, simply change the order of the conditions in the fields by grabbing the Seller and dragging him through the state. Apart from Ireland and Germany, it is clear that its sales results are not the best. When you click on sell in Ireland, you will see a new sheet with a table containing all of Dobrovalsky's transactions in Ireland.

2. On the Options tab, in the Calculations group, expand the Fields list.

elements and sets and select Calculated field.

3. In the window Inserting a calculated field:

 In the Name field, enter the name of the new field.

 In the Formula field, create a formula, starting with the = sign and selecting

available fields in the Fields list (to insert, you can double-click on a field or select a field, then click Add Field).

If we want to print our details, we will take the Salesperson field from the Lines area and move it to the Column area. This will cause the table to spread across the entire sheet. In this window we can also specify the number format displayed in all cells of the field. Simply use the "Number Format" button and select the appropriate currency, for example.

Filters are also useful. When added to this area, supplier fields appear in the top left corner of a drop-down list from which you can select one or more options. Let's see which month was the best sale. Below we select the category according to which we want to group the data.

 Click Add.

Setting the appearance of a calculated field, like any other field, occurs in the window

Value field parameters.

Editing a calculated field

1. On the Options tab, in the Calculations group, expand the Fields list.

elements and sets, select Calculated field.

We all know how to use pivot tables. They have a lot of advantages, but there are also a lot of disadvantages. Many people believe that the main problem with pivot tables is that there is no way to do calculations - this is a misconception. Why might this be necessary? Let's say you create a budget using pivot tables. The data in the original table is presented on a quarterly basis, for budget purposes it will be necessary to add these data to an annual amount.

We celebrate the months and we embrace them. We will receive a report sorted by month. You can also divide the data into several categories. Returning to the grouping of configurators and selecting “Quarter and month”, we get the appearance of the report. Grouping can also be used for numbers.

When you open context menu, the Rows field and the Group option show a different window than if you were grouping dates. The numbers are grouped into ranges, which we define by the beginning, end and volume of the interval. In this case we set it to 500, so the first group will contain all transactions worth between 0 and 500 zlotys.

In fact, there is such a possibility and it is realized in one of three ways.

You can brush up on your knowledge of the basics of pivot tables.

First way. Make calculations in a table with the original data. The method, frankly speaking, is not a fountain - through the wrong place.

Second way. Constructing calculations next to a pivot table is, again, not the best method. If the pivot table changes (and it is worth using pivot tables exactly when we expect changes in the table).

Third way. Embed calculated fields in the pivot table itself. But this is a good way. This is done as follows. When the pivot table has already been built, place the cursor on the pivot table (two tabs related to this pivot table appear on the ribbon) and click on the tab that appears Options, then Fields,Items, &Sets from the Calculations block, select from the drop-down menu Calculatedfield. In Office 2007, this button was on the same Options tab, only the button was separate.

In the window that appears, in the field Name Enter the desired field name. In field Formula enter the formula you need by inserting fields from the list below and clicking the button Insertfield.

You will get a table with a new calculation field. The table is ready!

The Excel file can be downloaded from here.

Interesting fact. When using the third method, the program actually does the calculation for each row and then applies the necessary parameter: summation, average, etc.

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Calculated fields are designed to display the values ​​of expressions based on source data in reports. Calculated fields in reports can be used to obtain totals or perform special calculations, for example, to display the total price of an order by calculating the product of the quantity of an item and the price of one item. Let's look at the procedure for creating calculated fields using the example of the "Items in Warehouse" report created earlier.

To add a calculated field "Amount" to a report:

1. Open the Items in Warehouse report in Design mode.
2. On the Toolbox, click the button Inscription(Label) and place the new text to the right of the "Units in Stock" in the header section. Enter the word "Sum" as the label text.
3. To create a Sum calculated field, click the button Field(Text Box) in the Toolbox and add a text box to the right of the UnitsInStock text box in the data section. Remove the label of the new text field.
4. Click inside the text field and enter the following expression as its value:

   = [InStock]* [Price] (= * ).

   Open the properties window fields by double clicking on it, and on the tab Layout(Format) in the property combo box Field Format(Format) select a value Monetary(Currency).

Comment

There are several ways to enter an expression in the text field: select it and press the key combination +to enter edit mode for the field's contents, or double-click on the field to display a dialog box Properties(Properties) and then enter the expression as the property value Data(Source).

Rice. 6.27.

1. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to create a text field in the comments section of the Category group, but enter the following as the subtotal expression: =Sum([InStock] * [Price]) (=Sum( * )). Click the button Bold(Bold) in the format bar to set the text in the new field to bold. Open dialog box Properties(Properties) and open the tab in it Other(Other), in the field Name(Name) Enter a name for the Sum text box. Then expand the tab Layout(Format) and in the properties combo box Field Format(Format) select a value Monetary(Currency).
2. Since the width of our report's data area has increased, reduce the width of the page margins so that all fields fit on one page. To do this, select the command File, Page Setup(File, Page Setup) and change the default left and right margin widths to 10 mm (See "Viewing and Printing Reports" in this chapter.)
3. Click the button View(View) on the toolbar Report designer(Report Design) to evaluate the results of your work. The report will look like shown in Fig. 6.27. To the previous data, the rightmost column was added with the values ​​of the cost of each product in the available quantity in the warehouse and subtotals for the cost of goods for each category.