When did operating systems with a graphical interface appear? List of operating systems: features, characteristics and reviews. “Free” operating systems

Graphical user interface (GUI - Graphical User Interface) is a means that allows users to interact with the hardware components of a computer in a fairly comfortable and convenient way.
For many years for a large number operating systems, such as OS/2, Macintosh, Windows, AmigaOS, Linux, Symbian OS, etc., even more graphical interfaces were created.
Let's try to take a look at the evolution of the interface design of these systems since the 80s.
I should note that this topic demonstrates only significant achievements and milestones in the field graphic design(and not operating systems in general), and not all systems exist to this day.

The first GUI was developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) back in the 70s. This development ushered in a new era of innovation in computer graphics.
The first personal computer to use the new graphical interface was the Xerox Alto, created in 1973. It was not a commercial product and was intended mainly for scientific research at universities.

1981-1985

Xerox 8010 Star (1981)

It was the first system presented as an integrated desktop computer, including software applications and a graphical interface. The computer was known as "The Xerox Star", later renamed "ViewPoint" and even later "GlobalView".

Apple Lisa Office System 1 (p1983)

Also known as Lisa OS, although in this case the abbreviation is too ambiguous for its name Office System. She was created by Apple with the intention of making a computer for working with documents.
But, unfortunately, this system was “killed” by the Apple Macintosh operating system, which was more accessible at that time.
There were also upgrades to the Lisa OS system to Lisa OS 2 in 1983 and Lisa OS 7/7 3.1 in 1984, but these changes affected only the system itself and not its interface.

VisiCorp Visi On (1984)

Visi On was the first interface developed for the IBM PC. This system was aimed at large corporations and was quite expensive. The interface used a mouse, had a built-in installer and help system, but did not use icons.

Mac OS System 1.0 (introduced 1984)

System 1.0 was the first operating system created for the Macintosh. It already had several details of a modern operating system - it was window-based and contained icons. windows could be dragged with the mouse and files and folders could be copied by dragging to their destination.

Amiga Workbench 1.0 (1985)

After its release, the Amiga seemed ahead of its time. The GUI included for example: color graphics (4 colors: black, white, blue and orange), mostly supported multitasking, stereo sound and icons with several states (selected and not selected).

Windows 1.0x (1985)

This year, Microsoft finally caught up with the interface mania and released Windows 1.0, its first GUI-based operating system. The system had 32x32 pixel icons and color graphics. However, the most interesting innovation (though it later disappeared) was the icon of an animated analog clock (with arrows :)).

GEM (1985)

GEM (Graphical Environment Manager) created by Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) was a window type. It was originally created for use with the CP/M operating system based on the Intel 8088 and Motorola 68000 microprocessors, but was later modified for use in DOS. Most people will remember GEM as the GUI for the Atari ST computers, and it was also used for the Amstrad series of IBM compatible computers. It also served as the engine for Ventura Publisher and several other DOS programs. It was also ported to other computers but did not gain popularity on them.

1986 - 1990

IRIX 3 (released 1986, first released 1984)

The 64-bit operating system IRIX was created for UNIX. Interesting feature its GUI is support for vector icons. This feature was built into this system long before the existence of Mac OS X.

GEOS (1986)

GEOS (Graphic Environment Operating System) was developed by Berkeley Softworks (later GeoWorks). It was originally developed for the Commodore 64 and included graphics word processor, called geoWrite and a painting program called geoPaint.

Windows 2.0x (1987)

Window management has been greatly improved in this version. Now it is possible to overlap, resize, maximize, enlarge and reduce windows.

OS/2 1.x (1988)

OS/2 was originally the brainchild of IBM and Microsoft, but in 1991 the two companies split into Microsoft with its own GUI technology for the Windows OS and IBM continuing development of OS/2. The interface used in OS/2 was called "Presentation Manager". This version The GUI only supported monochrome icons.

NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP 1.0 (1989)

Steve Jobs was interested in the idea of ​​​​creating the ideal computer for research laboratories and universities. Subsequently, this idea resulted in a startup called NeXT Computer Inc.
The first NeXT computer was introduced in 1988, but significant progress was made in 1989 with the release of the GUI NeXTSTEP 1.0, which later became OPENSTEP.
The interface icons became larger (48x48) and used more colors. Initially, the GUI was monochrome, but starting with version 1.0, support for color monitors appeared. This screenshot shows what its later interface looked like.

OS/2 1.20 (1989)

The next version of the GUI shows some improvements in many areas. Icons began to look nicer and windows were smoothed out.

Windows 3.0 (1990)

By this version, Microsoft developers realized all the real advantages of the GUI and began to significantly improve it.
The operating system itself began to support standards, and an extended mode for the 386 architecture, which began to require more than 640 kilobytes of memory and more space hard drive, resulting in resolutions such as Super VGA 800x600 and XGA 1024x768 becoming possible.
At the same time, Microsoft invited artist and graphic designer Susan Kare to develop the design. Windows icons 3.0 and creation unique image your GUI.

1991 - 1995

Amiga Workbench 2.04 (1991)

A large number of improvements have been made to this version of the GUI. The color scheme was changed and three-dimensional design elements were introduced. The desktop could be split vertically into two screens with their own resolutions and color depths, although this seems a little strange today. The standard resolution was 640x256, but higher resolutions were also supported in hardware.

Mac OS System 7 (1991)

Mac OS version 7.0 was the first Mac system to support color. Shades of grey, blue and yellow have been added to the icons.

Windows 3.1 (1992)

This version of Windows included pre-installed TrueType fonts. At that time, this actually determined using Windows as a publishing platform.
This functionality was previously only available in Windows 3.0 with using Adobe Type Manager (ATM) is a system for working with fonts from Adobe. This version also featured a color scheme called "Hotdog Stand", containing bright shades of red, yellow and black.
This diagram was created to facilitate the perception of textual and graphic information people with color vision impairment.

OS/2 2.0 (1992)

It was the first GUI that was aimed at supporting multilingual interfaces, and it was also the first with which usability and accessibility tests were carried out. The interface was created using object-oriented design. Each file and folder was represented by objects that could be associated with other files, folders and programs. Drag and drop technology and the ability to change themes were also supported.

Windows 95 (1995)

In Windows 95, the user interface was completely redesigned. This was the first version of Windows in which a button with a cross appeared in the corner of each window to close it.
Various states of icons and controls have been added (such as: available, unavailable, selected, checked, etc.). The famous “Start” button also appeared for the first time.
For Microsoft, this was a huge step forward both for the operating system and for the unification of the GUI.

1996 - 2000

OS/2 Warp 4 (1996)

In 1996, IBM introduced OS/2 Warp 4, which brought significant improvements to the desktop's appearance.
The icons were located on the desktop, where the user could also place his own files and folders. The shredder that appeared was an analogue of the Recycle Bin from Windows or the Trash from Mac OS, except that it immediately deleted documents placed in it, instead of storing a copy of them with the possibility of recovery.

Mac OS System 8 (1997)

The standard icons for this version of the GUI were 256 colors. Mac OS 8 was also one of the first systems to use an isometric view of icons, also called pseudo-3D icons. The platinum gray theme, first used here, became the hallmark of subsequent versions of this system.

Windows 98 (1998)

The icon style was reminiscent of Windows 95, but the system already used more than 256 colors to display the graphical interface. Windows Explorer has almost completely changed and “Active Desktop” has appeared for the first time.

KDE 1.0 (1998)

This is how the KDE team described their project in the release: “KDE modern environment desktop for computers running UNIX. KDE attempts to fill the need for a fast and user-friendly interface for Unix systems, reminiscent of MacOS and Window95/NT counterparts. A completely free and open computing platform available free of charge to everyone, including source for modification."

BeOs 4.5 (1999)

The BeOS operating system was developed for personal computers. It was originally written in Be Inc. in 1991 to run on BeBox machines. It was subsequently created to take advantage of new technologies and hardware, such as symmetric multitasking using a modular I/O system, near-full multithreading, near-full multitasking, and a 64-bit journaled file system known as BFS. The BeOS GUI was based on the principles of a clear, clean, and uncluttered design.

GNOME 1.0 (1999)

The GNOME interface was primarily created for Linux Red Hat, but later versions were also available for other Linux distributions.

2001 - 2005

Mac OS X (2001)

In the early 2000s, Apple announced its new "Aqua" interface and in 2001 the company introduced it with its new operating system, Mac OS X.
The default 32x32 and 48x48 pixel icons have been replaced with larger 128x128 pixel icons that use anti-aliasing and translucency.
However, after the release of this GUI there was a lot of criticism. Apparently users were not ready for such drastic changes, but soon enough they accepted a new style, and this GUI forms the basis for all Mac OS X systems today.

Windows XP (2001)

Microsoft tried to completely change the user interface with each new platform, Windows XP was no exception. It became possible to change styles for the GUI, users could completely change appearance and interface behavior. By default, icons were 48x48 pixels in size, and used millions of colors.

KDE 3 (2002)

Since version 1.0, KDE has undergone significant improvements. All graphics and icons were sharpened and execution was unified.

2007 - 2009 (to date)

Windows Vista (2007)

This was Microsoft's answer to its competitors. A lot of 3D and animation have also been added. Since Windows 98, Microsoft has always tried to improve the desktop experience. Windows Vista introduced widgets and several improvements along with the elimination of the "Active Desktop".

Mac OS X Leopard (2007)

Apple has once again raised the bar with the sixth generation of its Mac OS X system. user interface. The basis of the GUI was still the “Aqua” interface with its glossy scrollbar and platinum gray and blue colors. New interface details began to look even more naturalistic and three-dimensional, with a 3D dock and more animation and interactivity.

GNOME 2.24 (2008)

GNOME has put a lot of effort into creating themes and wallpapers in version 2.2.4 in line with their goal of "Make your PC look good." A competition was held to collect the most fascinating images to use as desktop backgrounds, which they included in version 2.24.

KDE (v4.0 - January 2008, v4.2 - March 2009)

Version 4 of KDE introduced many new improvements to the environment and interface, such as animation, anti-aliasing, an efficient window management system and support for desktop widgets. Desktop icons are easy to change and every design element is easily configurable. The most noticeable changes are to the icons, themes and sounds, which were provided by the Oxygen Project team. These icons have become the most photorealistic. And perhaps the greatest improvement in the entire history of KDE is that the environment can now run freely on both Windows and Mac OS X platforms.

Push:
Windows 7 (estimated late 2009)
The operating system of the Windows family is currently in beta testing. Among the changes that have appeared, it is worth noting support for multi-touch displays and the appearance of a new taskbar. More details, for example, from turbomilk.

I found the screenshots from 10 years or more ago especially interesting, comparing how much has changed in such a relatively short period of time.

LESSON PLAN Location of the lesson: computer science classroom.

Academic subject: Computer Science.

Lesson topic: The concept of an operating system. Operating room interface

Objective of the lesson: To introduce students to the purpose of operating systems. Tasks:

Educational:

consider the concepts of operating system, interface

operating system; as well as the concepts of user authentication and authorization;

® highlight the main functions of the operating system;

consider the classification of operating systems by

purpose;

* consider the classification of operating systems by task processing mode;

® consider the classification of operating systems according to

way of interacting with the system;

consider generations of operating systems;

Developmental: develop logical thinking;

Educational: cultivate cognitive interest in the subject.

Lesson type: lecture. Logistics

lesson provision:

computer,

Lesson plan:

D) Organizational

moment (greeting

and check

absent).

Learning new material.

Summing up the lesson.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The teacher welcomes students, checks on absentees, and announces the topic of the lesson and the purpose of the lesson.

II. Learning new material

Contents of the lecture

Operating system. (OS) is a set of system control and processing programs, which, on the one hand, act as an interface between the computer hardware and the user with his tasks, and on the other hand, are designed to use the resources of the computer system most efficiently and organize reliable calculations. (SLIDE 2)

Let's listbasic functions of operating systems. (SLIDE 3-5)

Reception from the user of tasks or commands formulated in the appropriate language and their processing. Tasks can be transmitted in the form of text directives (commands) of the operator or in the form of instructions performed using a manipulator (for example, using a mouse). These commands are associated, first of all, with launching (pausing, stopping) programs, with operations on files (get a list of files in the current directory, create, rename, copy, move a particular file, etc.), although there are other commands.

Memory distribution, and in most modern systems, virtual memory organization.

Running a program (transferring control to it, causing the processor to execute the program).

Identification of all programs: and data.

Receiving and executing various requests from running applications.

Handling all I/O operations.

Organization of mechanisms for exchanging messages and data between running programs.

Protecting one program from the influence of another, ensuring data safety, protecting the operating system itself from applications running on the computer.

User authentication. Under authentication refers to the procedure for checking a user's name and password against the values ​​stored in his account. Obviously, if the login name (login ^) of a user and his password are the same, then most likely this will be the same user.

User authorization. Term authorization means that according to account An authenticated user is assigned certain rights (privileges) to him (and all requests that will be made to the operating system on his behalf) that determine what he can and cannot do on the computer.

Ensuring the operation of programming systems with which users prepare their programs.

Let's consider

Operating system classifications

There can be a lot of classification options, everything will depend on the selected characteristic by which we will distinguish one object from another. However, as for the OS, a relatively small number of classifications have long been formed here: by purpose, by task processing mode, by the method of interaction with the system and by construction methods (architectural features of the system).

By purpose . (SLIDE 6) There are general and special purpose operating systems.

P about the processing mode ach (SLIDE 7) distinguish OSes that provide single-program and multi-program modes. Single-program OS includes, for example, the one known to everyone, although today it is practically not used MS DOS.

Under multiprogramming is understood as a method of organizing calculations when a single-processor computer system creates

visibility of simultaneous execution of several programs. Any delay in program execution (for example, to perform data input/output operations) is used to execute other (same or less important) programs.

By way of interacting with a computer (SLIDE 8) distinguish between dialog systems and batch systems processing . When organizing work with a computer system in an interactive mode, we can talk about single-user (single-terminal) and multi-terminal operating systems. In multi-terminal operating systems, several users can work simultaneously with one computer system, each from their own terminal. Because of this, users have the illusion that each of them has their own computing system. To organize multi-terminal access to a computer system, it is necessary to provide a multi-program operating mode. One example of multi-terminal operating systems for personal computers is Linux. A certain imitation of multi-terminal capabilities is also available in the Windows XP system. In this operating system, after registration (login), each user receives his own virtual machine. If you need to temporarily share your computer with another user, computing processes The first one may not be terminated, but the system will simply create a new virtual machine for this other user. As a result, the computer will perform the tasks of both the first and second user. The number of virtual machines running in parallel is determined by the available resources.

Generations of operating systems (SLIDE 9-11)

Operating systems along the way of their development went through a number of radical changes, the so-called generations.

Zero generation (40s s)

The first computers did not have operating systems.

Users had full access to machine language, and all programs were written directly in machine instructions.

First generation (50s)

Operating systems of the 1950s were designed to make moving from task to task faster and easier. Before these operating systems were created, a lot of computer time was lost between completing one task and entering the next one. This was the beginning batch processing systems which involved combining individual tasks into groups, or packages. When a problem was started to be solved, all the resources of the machine were at its full disposal. After each task completed (either normal or emergency), resource control was returned to the operating system, which ensured the launch of the next task.

Second generation (early 60s) (SLIDE 10)

A characteristic feature of the second generation operating systems was that they were created as shared use systems with multi-program operating mode and how the first systems multiprocessor type.

T third generation (mid 60s - mid 70s)

The third generation of operating systems actually appeared with the introduction by IBM in 1964 of the System /360 family of computers. These computers were designed as general purpose machines. They were bulky and, as a rule, ineffective, but were intended to solve any problems from any application area.

H fourth generation (from the mid-70s to the present) (SLIDE 11)

The following terms apply to systems of this generation friendly. user-friendly, aimed at untrained users, those. modern systems provide users with average skill levels with easy access to computing resources. Widespread concept virtual machines. The user was able to no longer think about the physical details of building computers (or

networks) with which it works. Instead, the user deals with the functional equivalent of a computer created for him by the operating system and called virtual machine.

Operating systems interface: (SLIDE 12)

Operating systems interface - special interfaces

system and application programming designed to perform the following tasks:

* process management (starting, pausing and removing a task from

execution);

memory management;

input/output control;

* file operations.

The OS user interface is implemented using special software modules that accept its commands on

appropriate language and translate them into regular calls in accordance with the main system interface. Typically these modules are called a command interpreter.

Evolution of operating system interfaces (SLIDE 13-18)

(see PRESENTATION)

III. Summing up the lesson.

The teacher summarizes:

Today in class we looked at the concepts of an operating system,

operating system interface; as well as the concepts of user authentication and authorization; identified the main functions of the operating system, examined various classifications, as well as generations of operating systems.

System released in September 1995 Windows 95 became the first graphical operating system for IBM PC computers.

All the following versions of Windows operating systems (98, NT, ME, 2000, XP) are graphical.

Microsoft operating systems:

• DOS (Disk Operating System). Interface – command line. All commands had to be entered manually on the OS command line.
• Windows 3.1 and 3.11. – the first graphical interface. Although many did not consider this operating system, but only a system that expanded the capabilities of DOS.

All further operating systems have a graphical interface.

• Windows-95.
• Windows-98/NT/ME/2000/XP family.
• Windows Vista - on this moment undergoing beta testing.

Alternative OS

The word UNIX does not mean one operating system, but an entire family of operating systems. UNIX was created primarily for professionals, and therefore never contained any “trinkets” such as a convenient graphical interface. What was important was something else - compatibility, portability, customizability and, most importantly, stability.

A number of “free” operating systems have branched off from the powerful UNIX tree: Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD.

There are also other alternative operating systems.

Database.

MS Access relational database.

Database - This is a collection of information organized in a certain way on a topic (within the subject area).
Examples:

• Library book collection database;
• Database of the institution's personnel;
• Database of legislative acts in the field of criminal law;
• Database of modern songs.

There are databases :

• Factual– contained brief information about the described objects, presented in a strictly defined format;
• Documentary - contains extensive information about different types: text, graphic, sound, multimedia.

Definition :
Database- an organized collection of data intended for long-term storage in external computer memory and permanent use.

To store the database, either one computer or many interconnected computers can be used.
If different parts of one database are stored on many computers interconnected by a network, then such a database is called distributed database.

Database types :

• The data model is built on the principle of interconnected tables - relational.
• One type of object is the main one, all underlying ones are subordinates - hierarchical.
• Any data type can be a master and a slave at the same time - network.

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Search Lectures

Operating system. Graphical User Interface

Practical work No. 1

Target: familiarity with the concept of “operating system”, types of operating systems, their purpose; learning the operating room graphical interface Windows systems 7

operating system- basic complex computer programs, providing control of computer hardware, working with the file system, input and output of data using peripheral devices, execution of application programs. When you turn on your computer, the operating system loads into RAM before other programs and then ensures their execution.

The most commonly used operating systems for desktop and laptop personal computers are Microsoft Windows and Linux. An operating system is installed on an Apple PC MacOS. OS developed for PDAs Windows Mobile And Palm OS.

The minimum addressable element of the storage medium is cluster, which can include several sectors (the sector size is 512 bytes). The cluster size can range from 512 bytes to 64 KB. Clusters are numbered in linear sequence (on magnetic disks from the first cluster of the zero track to the last cluster of the last track).

File system organizes clusters into files and directories (a directory is actually a file containing a list of files in that directory). The file system will keep track of which clusters are currently in use, which are free, and which are marked as faulty.

Command processor- a special program that requests commands from the user and executes them.

Device Drivers - special programs, which provide control of the operation of devices and coordination of information exchange with other devices, and also allow you to configure some of their parameters. Each type of device has its own driver.

Utilities. The operating system also includes utilities, which allow you to maintain disks (check, compress, defragment, etc.), perform operations with files (archive, etc.), work in computer networks etc.

Graphical interface. To simplify the user's work, modern operating systems include software modules that create a graphical user interface. On operating systems with graphical interface the user can enter commands using dialog boxes and controls: buttons, text fields, lists, radio buttons, check boxes, counters, sliders, etc.

Aero interface

The Windows 7 operating system uses the Aero interface. The word Aero itself is an abbreviation of the English words: Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, Open (genuine, energetic, reflective and open). The Aero interface includes the following set of functions:

Aero Glass- Use of a frosted glass effect in relation to the headers and various panels of open windows. When using this effect, outside the window running application a blurry outline of the desktop wallpaper or a picture of the next open window may appear.

Active thumbnails— miniature images of open windows, with the help of which convenient and fast navigation between open windows is possible. Active thumbnails can be shown when working on the taskbar or when switching between windows using the keyboard.

Aero Snap— when you bring the window to the edge of the monitor’s working area, the window is automatically aligned. If the window is brought to the top edge, it expands to fill the entire screen. If you move the window to the right or left edge, it will take up exactly half the screen.

Aero Shake- a function with which you can minimize all inactive applications with a mouse movement. To use it, you need to grab the window title and shake it a little. If you do this operation again, the application windows will return to their original position (Win+Home)

Aero Peek– view thumbnails of open windows when you hover over the taskbar area, switch between windows with a simple mouse click, quickly minimize all windows and see the contents of the desktop. To do this, just move the cursor to the far right edge of the taskbar ( WIN+Space).

Evaluating computer performance:

Press the keyboard shortcut "Win+Break", after which a window will appear on the screen "View basic information about your computer."

Basic Performance Index- This is an indicator of the power of the current computer configuration. The maximum Base Performance Index your computer can achieve is 7.9, and the minimum is 1. To use all of Aero's effects, your computer's Base Performance Index must be at least 3.

Selecting one of the Aero themes.

To do this, right-click on the desktop and select "Personalization", then click on one of the topics in the " section Aero Themes".

The evolution of graphical interfaces of operating systems. From Xerox Alto to Windows

If the performance index is higher than 3, the effects can be observed.

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ABSTRACT

By discipline

Information Technology

Topic: “Operating systems”

Performed by an OM&VT student

Groups No. 2291/52

Khvatov D.E.

Introduction

A modern operating system is a complex complex software, providing the user not only with standardized input/output of information and program management, but also simplifying work with the computer.

The software interface of operating systems allows you to reduce the size of a specific program and simplify its work with all components of the computer system.

It is known that operating systems acquired their modern appearance during the development of the third generation of computers, that is, from the mid-60s to 1980. At this time, a significant increase in processor efficiency was achieved through the implementation of multitasking.

The Windows operating system is the most common operating system, and for most users it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, good interface, acceptable performance and a huge number of application programs for it.

Windows systems have come a difficult path from primitive graphical shells to completely modern operating systems. Microsoft began developing an interface manager (Interface Manager, later Microsoft Windows) in September 1981. Although the first prototypes were based on the so-called Multiplan and Word-like menus, in 1982 the interface elements were successfully changed to pull-down menus and dialog boxes.

The purpose of this work: to briefly review the history of the development of operating rooms Microsoft systems Windows.

A Brief History of the Development of Windows Operating Systems

Currently, the most widely used graphical operating systems are the Windows family of Microsoft Corporation. In 2005, the Windows family celebrated its twentieth anniversary.

They are constantly improving, so each a new version has additional features.

The first version of this operating system was Windows 1.0 was released in November 1985. Windows 1.0 “could” do very little and was more of a graphical shell for MS-DOS, but this system allowed the user to run several programs at the same time. The main inconvenience when working with Windows 1.0 was that open windows could not overlap each other (to increase the size of one window, it was necessary to reduce the size of the one next to it).

Also, too few programs were written for Windows 1.0, so this system has not received widespread use.

Windows 3.1(1992), Windows for Workgroups 3.11(1993) are graphical operating shells that were popular in the past, running under the MS DOS operating system and using the built-in functions and procedures of this OS at the lower level. These are object-oriented applications based on a hierarchically organized window system.

Windows NT(1993) is a multi-user and scalable network operating system for personal computers that supports a client-server architecture and includes its own security system.

It can interact with various operating systems from both Microsoft and other companies (for example, MacOS or UNIX) installed on single-processor and multiprocessor computers built on the basis of CISC or RISC technologies.

Windows 95 is a multitasking and multi-threaded 32-bit operating system with a graphical interface. The system fully supports 16-bit applications created for MS DOS. This is an integrated multimedia environment for exchanging text, graphics, audio and other information.

Windows 98 was a logical development of Windows 95 towards greater computer performance without adding new hardware to it. The system includes a number of programs, the combined use of which increases computer performance and allows more efficient use of Internet web resources through the use of new multimedia capabilities of operating systems.

Windows 2000 is a next-generation network operating system equipped with advanced multi-processing capabilities and effective information security.

The implemented function of working with files in offline mode allows you to select network files into folders for subsequent work with them, without connecting to the network, which provides additional opportunities for mobile users.

Windows ME (Millennium Edition) is an operating system that has a number of additional features and advantages compared to the previous one Windows version 98. The system has expanded multimedia capabilities and improved means of access to the Internet. The OS also supports the latest types of hardware and has a significantly improved help system.

Windows XP(2001) was a step by Microsoft Corporation towards the integration of the Windows ME user OS and Windows 2000 OS networks. As a result of such integration, their strengths one of the best operating systems was obtained, which acquired a new user interface that greatly simplifies use personal computer for various purposes, including for managing local networks.

Two different versions of this OS have been developed: for home users (Windows XP Home Edition) and corporate users (Windows XP Professional).

Windows Vista(2007) is the latest operating system (has kernel version 6.0). Unlike previous versions Vista comes on DVD due to its increased complexity and new "sophisticated" interface (Aero). In addition, each disc contains all five of its modifications: Home Basic, Home Premium, Enterprise and Ultimat.

In the next chapter we will look at each operating system in more detail.

Most users easily use terms without thinking too much about their meaning. Even the fact that one word is used in different contexts is no longer surprising, although this aspect would be worth paying attention to. What is an interface - the interaction between people and technology, which today manifests itself in many areas.

Interface - what is it?

This word often appears in computer terminology, although it is a frequent visitor in a completely different context. In engineering psychology, the term is explained as different methods communication between the user and office equipment. The designation “interface” comes from the British, translated as “between persons.” In the field of Internet technologies, this term covers unified communication systems that guarantee the exchange of data between objects. The most common term is “user interface” - a set of methods that help a person operate the equipment.

Experts distinguish two types:

1. Boolean interface type. A set of established algorithms and agreements for data exchange between elements.
2. Physical type of the interface. The connection of automatic, physiological and multifunctional data, with the support of which the connection is realized.

This term has its own classification in the definition of a set of software and technical means, which form the interconnection of devices:

1. In-machine interface– connection of wires, interface circuits with PC elements and signal transmission algorithms. There are simply connected and multiply connected.
2. Front end– concept of interconnection of a PC with remote devices. There is a peripheral device interface and a network interface.

What is an intuitive interface?

What is a user interface - this is a type where one position is represented by a person, and the opposite is represented by a device. The phrase is often mentioned by IT specialists, but only in the interpretation of a set of methods and laws of system interaction:

• TV menu and remote control;
• clock screen and its settings;
• instrument board and control levers.

If we consider the system interface as communication between the user and office equipment, then it can be characterized as a dialogue. The user sends data requests to office equipment or asks for help, and in response receives the necessary comments or guidance for action. Interface usability is a characteristic of how convenient, ergonomic it is, and what effort it requires to get the highest possible result.

What is the site interface?

If an interface is a set of hardware and software that guarantees the interaction of devices, then an Internet site is a built-in mechanism for communication between the user and the system. The user can:

• use services;
• make orders and requests;
• fill out forms.

What is a “friendly interface”? The term means that you like the appearance of the resource, the mechanism of its operation is clear, and the system clearly makes recommendations. Basic requirements for the website interface:

• naturalness;
• consistency;
• direct access to the help system;
• logic.

What is an interface in a computer?

The user interface of the application also plays a very important role, because the program itself is evaluated by these indicators. The developers note the following basic provisions:

1. Target for the device for which the application is being made.
2. The icon must reflect the main idea.
3. The area where the touch screen is pressed should have a significant error.

Operating system interface

There is also such a term as “operating system interface” - a set of tools that transmit control commands. The following is a breakdown into subspecies:

1. Interface command line – a type of text communication between the user and the PC, when phrases are typed manually on the keyboard.
2. Software interface– requests are sent by programs. A series of OS utilities has been developed, from which the user selects the desired one.

What is the program interface?

The program interface is a set of guiding components of the program that help the user perform a number of actions: keys and windows on the monitor. To watch a movie, they use a media player program, and then the image and sound are adjusted using buttons and sliders. The system interface guarantees the necessary data in the programs; there are two types of interface pages:

1. Queries where a menu-driven approach has been implemented.
2. Search results.

Game interface

What is a graphical interface - a type of user interface in which menus and buttons are presented on the screen in the form graphic images. It provides an opportunity for fans of online games to control heroes and communicate with other players. Thanks to this program, users enter any actions of the figures using the mouse or keyboard. This type was created for convenience in the work of technical specialists, but over time it became an invention that shaped the PC market.

Types of user interfaces of operating systems

Based on the type of user interface, a distinction is made between text (linear), graphical and speech operating systems.

A user interface is a set of techniques for how a user interacts with an application. The user interface includes the user's communication with the application and the language of communication.

Text OS

Linear operating systems implement a command line interface. The main control device in them is the keyboard. The command is typed on the keyboard and displayed on the display screen. The end of entering a command is pressing the Enter key. To work with operating systems that have a text interface, it is necessary to master the command language of this environment, i.e. a set of commands whose structure is determined by the syntax of that language.

The first real operating systems had a text-based interface. Currently, it is also used on servers and users' computers.

Graphics OS

Such operating systems implement an interface based on the interaction of active and passive graphical on-screen controls. The control devices in this case are the keyboard and mouse. The active control element is the mouse pointer - a graphic object whose movement on the screen is synchronized with the movement of the mouse. Passive controls are graphical application controls (on-screen buttons, icons, radio buttons, check boxes, drop-down lists, menu bars, etc.).

An example of exclusively graphical operating systems is the Windows family of operating systems. The start screen of such operating systems is a system object called the desktop. The desktop is a graphical environment on which objects (files and directories) and controls are displayed.

In graphical operating systems, most operations can be performed in many different ways, for example through the menu bar, through the toolbar, through the window system, etc. Since operations are performed on an object, it must first be selected (selected).

The basis of the graphical user interface is an organized system of windows and other graphic objects, when creating which developers strive for maximum standardization of all elements and working methods.

A window is a framed rectangular area on the monitor screen in which applications, a document, or a message are displayed. A window is active if the user is currently working with it. All operations performed in graphical operating systems occur either on the Desktop or in some window.

Speech OS

In the case of the SILK interface (from the English speech - speech, image - image, language - language, knowledge - knowledge) - on the screen, following a speech command, there is a movement from one search image to another.

It is expected that when using the public interface there will be no need to understand the menus. Screen images will clearly indicate the further path of movement from one search image to another along semantic semantic connections.