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Web application development tools. Areas of application of programming languages ​​for developing Web applications. Web applications Tools for creating web applications

HTML. The process of developing web applications becomes similar to the development of regular Windows applications, where the developer visually has controls on the form, sets their properties and writes event handlers.

Extensible hosting and lifecycle management environment for web applications

An extensible ASP .NET hosting framework manages the application lifecycle from the first time a user accesses a resource until the application exits. ASP .NET itself uses a web server (IIS) as its environment, while providing hosting functions. ASP .NET allows you to handle events that occur in applications and create your own HTTP handlers and modules.

An extensible web application user interface design environment

ASP .NET allows you to create your own visual editors for server controls and integrate them into development tools such as Visual Studio. Visual editors allow you to develop user interfaces for controls and add the necessary properties and methods to controls.

HTML. The process of developing web applications becomes similar to the development of regular Windows applications, where the developer visually has controls on the form, sets their properties and writes event handlers.

Extensible hosting and lifecycle management environment for web applications

An extensible ASP .NET hosting framework manages the application lifecycle from the first time a user accesses a resource until the application exits. ASP .NET itself uses a web server (IIS) as its environment, while providing hosting functions. ASP .NET allows you to handle events that occur in applications and create your own HTTP handlers and modules.

An extensible web application user interface design environment

ASP .NET allows you to create your own visual editors for server controls and integrate them into development tools such as Visual Studio. Visual editors allow you to develop user interfaces for controls and add the necessary properties and methods to controls.

Introduction

Impact of global computing Internet networks on modern world has no historical analogues. Its present day is the beginning of the era of electronic penetration into all spheres of human life, this is more than just a marketing campaign, it is the basis of a new philosophy and a new business strategy.

It is quite logical to assume that from the point of view of advertising products or services, the Internet is the most significant resource. Most modern people use the Internet as the most accessible source of information.

Creating Web sites is one of the most important technologies for developing Internet resources. A good website, absorbing all the useful information, is the best business card for both a commercial company and an educational institution, working for them at any time of the day.

Having analyzed several sites that provide information support to small businesses for compliance with their goals, psychophysiological requirements and information content, as well as the correctness of the choice of development tools, the following characteristic shortcomings can be identified:

· non-compliance of the site with psychophysiological requirements, which leads to increased fatigue or distraction;

· passion for animation, graphic images and video fragments that do not carry a semantic load, automatically entail a decrease in the number of potential visitors to the website, as it increases the requirements for Internet connection bandwidth and the volume of traffic;

· redundancy or lack of information provided;

· incorrect choice of development tools, which entails an unreasonable increase in the cost of the finished product.

Thus, determining the functionality of tools and languages ​​for website development, as well as the psychophysiological requirements for text and graphic information presented on the monitor screen seems to be a pressing task.

Moreover, with the number of online users estimated at more than 500 million (and growing at a rate of approximately 7% per month), it is necessary to look for ways to use new technologies that can help attract and retain the attention of users traveling across the vast expanses of the Web.

The subject of the research is web technologies.

Object – environments and languages ​​for developing web applications.

The purpose of the work is to consider the possibilities practical use languages ​​and tools for developing web applications.

1) consider the basic concepts of web technologies;

2) give various classifications of web applications used in business activities;

3) consider the psychophysical requirements for web applications;

4) determine the areas of application of programming languages ​​for the development of web applications;

5) analyze the functionality of environments for creating web applications.

It is worth approaching the task of creating your own “Internet representation” responsibly. The site should be easy to use - pages should load as quickly as possible, and the resource itself should have a logical and understandable structure. Only in this case can you count on the visitor being interested in the information provided and staying on the site.

Development of modern computer equipment and the introduction of new technologies marked the beginning of a new direction of life on Earth. In a fairly short period of time in the development of microelectronics and cybernetics, many changes have occurred.

The progressive development of technology has caused the emergence of new software products. Every year more and more programming languages ​​are being introduced. All of them are aimed primarily at the target audience.

Not only computers are developing, but also networks. If just a few decades ago the Internet was a small private network, now it is a gigantic system of interconnected computers, without which we may not be able to imagine life.

The Internet is not only a “cool pool” in which very “overheated” people feel so comfortable, but also a place where you can “touch” almost any hot topic without fear of getting burned.

Web technology has completely revolutionized the idea of ​​working with information, and with a computer in general. It turned out that traditional development parameters computer technology- productivity, throughput, storage capacity - did not take into account the main thing " bottleneck"system - interface with a person. The outdated mechanism of human interaction with an information system held back the introduction of new technologies and reduced the benefits of their use. And only when the interface between a person and a computer was simplified to the naturalness of perception by an ordinary person, an unprecedented explosion of interest in the capabilities of computer technology followed.

Information available to Internet users is located on computers (Web servers) on which a special software. Much of this information is organized in the form of Web sites. Each of them has its own name (address) on the Internet. A website is information presented in a certain form, which is located on a Web server and has its own name. To view Web sites on the user's computer, use special programs which are called browsers. The most common browsers currently are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Depending on what site name we specify in the “Address” line, the browser will load the corresponding information into its window.

A website consists of interconnected Web pages. The web page is text file with the *.htm extension, which contains text information and special commands - HTML codes that determine how this information will be displayed in the browser window. All graphic, audio and video information is not included directly in the Web page and is represented by separate files (Figure 1 Appendix A).

Modern web applications are mainly portals that provide services that cannot be used anywhere else. One of the disadvantages of such services is the difficulty of exchanging information between companies. In particular, even contact and other personal information has to be re-entered on each such site.

Currently, in terms of purpose, there are three main types of portals:

· Public or horizontal portals (sometimes called mega-portals), such as Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, Rambler. Such portals are often the result of the development of search engines. They are intended for the widest audience, which is reflected in the content of the information and services they provide. Typically, this information is general in nature, as are the services provided ( Email, newsletters and so on).

· Vertical portals. This type of portal is designed for specific types of market and serves the audience using the services of that market or working in it. Examples of such portals include, for example, travel agencies that provide services for booking hotels, ordering and delivery of tickets, access to maps and information about road routes, or B2B (business-to-business) portals that allow their clients to implement joint business operations (for example, selecting suppliers and purchasing goods, conducting auctions).

· Corporate portals are intended for employees, clients and partners of one enterprise. Users of such a portal receive access to services and applications intended for them, depending on their role and personal profile.

Other most common web applications:

· Regional Internet portals, universal in their scope, but limited by the geography of interested visitors (e1.ru);

· Search engines- these are Internet portals that are designed to provide their visitor with the opportunity to find sites on which specified words or entire phrases are found (metabot.ru);

· A directory is a collection of links to sites. Why do we need catalogs if there is a search? Very often we don’t know exactly what we need, we can’t formulate it in a few words (mail.ru);

· Electronic bulletin boards are a place on the Internet where almost anyone can leave information of an informational, invitational or advertising nature;

· Forums are special sites or sections on sites designed for visitors to leave messages and exchange opinions;

· Chats are another place for communication on the Internet, but its purpose is not to exchange opinions on some topic, but simply to pass time;

· Files for downloading;

· Photo galleries;

· Elements of statistics;

· Storing various information on the Internet;

· Mailing list servers, they offer services for delivering information to a wide range of readers (subscribe.ru);

· Online stores and auctions (ozon.ru, molotok.ru).

The starting point in a web project is an analysis of the site's goals and the functions that will be offered to the user.

The second stage will be building the information architecture of the site.

Once all the site materials and its structure are known, you can move on to the design of the navigation and pages themselves.

It is necessary to place a clearly visible link to the site map on each page. The page displaying the map should not exceed two pages in size on the user's screen. Two types of maps are used: static and dynamic. It is most effective to use a map with a static display of the information architecture, since a dynamic view leads the user to even greater confusion. The map was created in order to better orient the user, so the map must display not only the user’s current position on the site, but also those sections that he has already visited.

The main page of the company’s website is the face of the site, facing the entire network (Figure 2 Appendix B). On home page The company’s goals are clearly stated, and each design element should allow the user to better understand the site and decide on the sequence of actions to solve their problems.

It is from the main page that most users begin their journey through the site. At the same time, our site should be made in such a way that people who come to the site via a deep link feel comfortable. To do this, you need to place on each page of the site:

· company name or logo in the upper left corner

· individual slogan for the site, consisting of one sentence

It cannot be assumed that the user has arrived at this page, covering the entire path from start to finish. It is quite possible that he did not see the information that we indicated on the pages top level hierarchy. With deep links, we must orient the user to a place, tell him where he is now on the site, indicating a chain link on the page. If there is a need for a page not to be indexed in search engines, you must enter in the "HEAD" element .

In the "About Us" section you must provide basic information about the company:

· composition of the top management team (with bibliography and photographs);

· Contact Information;

· philosophy of the organization (vision of business, relations with society, aspirations);

· main historical milestones;

A lengthy explanation at the top of the "About Us" page helps the user better understand what is contained in the depths of this giveaway.

The text needs to be easy to read by both young and old users, so we will need to specify the font size in relative units rather than in absolute units, since the size must be chosen by the users themselves. In this case, the text must completely fit on the page, no matter what irritates the use of horizontal scrolling of the site pages.

Users rarely read web pages word by word. During the first viewing, he looks for facts and ignores details, but having found material of interest, he can go deeper. An approximate page viewing scheme looks like this: the first horizontal line is viewed completely, the next one is not viewed to its full depth, and with each subsequent line, the snatching of information is reduced more and more.

Therefore, users often view only the top part of the article. And only the most interested readers will scroll down the page, and only these few will understand the story of the article in all its details. Therefore, it is important to apply the “inverted pyramid principle”, which consists in the fact that the article begins with a “conclusion”, followed by a message about the important information, and at the end the background of the event is given.

To make the pages convenient to view, we will use:

· highlighting keywords;

· well-written headings;

· lists with markers;

· one paragraph per idea (users will skip all other ideas if they are not attracted by the main words of the paragraph);

· inverted pyramid style (where the article begins with a conclusion);

· fewer words than in a regular article;

· minimum of unclear terms;

· indication of the date the message was created (to know how long it is, it is relevant on this moment);

· contextual information of the "ALT" attribute.

· email headers are often displayed out of context:

· in the list of articles on the site;

· in the headers of email messages;

· in search results;

· in browser bookmarks.

At the same time, users should not have any super knowledge to understand our heading if they skip the text under the headings. For this reason, the title text should be a standalone piece of information that allows it to be understood in the absence of the rest of the content. When writing a title, it is necessary to use neutral language, and not use: puns, “sophistication”, “enticements”, capital letters (as it seems that we are shouting at the user)

Users prefer meaningful titles. The shorter the microcontent, the easier it is to view. It is necessary to exclude the use of the same word at the beginning of each article and page title, since if several such articles are used simultaneously, it will be difficult to select the required article on the panel or bookmarks.

When asked to provide us with an email address, it is necessary to say, here and now, what exactly the user will receive, and how often you will disturb his peace of mind mailbox. Mailto references must be used in such a way that it is clear that this is a mailing address. Do not place email links on names, as clicking on a name should lead to their bio. When communicating via email, there is no reason to use the specific name of one of the employees, unless the user has established a personal relationship with him (emails from unknown people most often end up in the trash).

To increase the credibility of the site, it is necessary to use high-quality graphic images. However, you should not use large images by default. It is advisable to use sketches, and if necessary, enlarge them as much as the user wishes. Thumbnails should contain all the basic information about the image. On the site, it would be more correct to use photographs of real employees and clients, rather than photo models with a dazzling Hollywood smile. It is also necessary to use good writing style and outgoing hypertext links to other sites. There is no need to use “advertising water”, as it carries an additional emotional load, and users have to spend time sifting out hyperboles from real facts.

The classic way to increase attachment to a site is to publish fresh materials with a certain regularity (from daily to monthly). For those interested, it is necessary to organize mailings of fresh material. Almost 100% of those who have subscribed will periodically visit the site itself as long as the author reminds them of himself.

Website design should adapt to people. One option for such a device is a profile, but filling it out requires patience, which is why it is filled out by established site visitors. Therefore, to track users, it is better to use a “cookie”, in the file of which all the necessary information is entered, rather than a tedious registration procedure. If registration is still necessary for safe operation, then you should not create too strict entry forms. If it is possible to use autocomplete and automatically place the cursor in the first field of the form.

You should not create forms for searching the Internet; if the user needs it, he will use a special search engine.

Links should be predictable; the user should know what will happen if he clicks on the link. Make it clear what the link is: if it is text, make it colored or underlined. Do not hide the differences between visited and unvisited links. Create links with the expectation that search engines are the most important visitors, and they are deaf and blind to high technology. Design your “title” tags so that they look good in search engines and bookmarks, so you need to start your links with a keyword.

Avoid the appearance of broken links, as other sites and search engines will not link to us in this case.

When navigating the site, let the user choose how to open pages, either in pop-up windows or in some other way.

On the WEB, users do not pay attention to anything other than their goal, and advertising that distracts them from achieving their goal is simply ignored. If our advertisement appears before the user finds the material he is interested in, then most likely it will be closed. And when he completes his main task and is ready to take a closer look at the advertisement, he simply won’t see it anymore because he closed the pop-up window. Therefore, you should never distract the user from your goal.

When a user types query words into a search engine, the advertisements that appear in the list of query results will be directly related to what the person needs. And so he reads these ads and clicks on the links. Such advertising costs much less than distributing flyers.

So, the secret to success is to combine advertising with user goals.

· lack of a "Close" button;

· tricks to get people to click;

· clearly indicate what will happen when you click on it;

· gives Additional information about yourself without having to leave the current page.

To carry out the assessment work, it is necessary to involve from three to five participants. Each of them does the work individually. After which their results are compared and brought to a single conclusion. The test is carried out in two stages:

1) understanding of the interface;

2) concentration of attention on certain elements.

It is necessary to separately mention each problem, no matter how it is repeated in the future.

Web application development tools

Areas of application of programming languages ​​for developing Web applications

Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML as it is more commonly known, is the computer language that underlies the World Wide Web. Thanks to the HTML language, any text can be marked up, converted into hypertext and then published on the Web.

The HTML language has its own set of characters that Web browsers use to display a page. These characters, called handles, include the elements needed to create hyperlinks.

One of distinctive features HTML documents are that the document itself contains only text, and all other objects are built into the document at the time it is displayed by the Browser using special tags and are stored separately. When you save an HTML file, a folder is created in the location where the document is located, into which the accompanying graphic design elements are placed.

First of all, PHP is used to create scripts that work on the server side, which is why it was invented. PHP is capable of solving the same problems as any other CGI scripts, including processing html form data, dynamically generating html pages, and the like. But there are other areas where PHP can be used.

The second area is the creation of scripts that run on the command line. That is, with using PHP you can create scripts that will be executed, regardless of the web server and browser, on a specific machine.

And the last area is the creation of GUI applications ( graphical interfaces) running on the client side.

Ajax stands for Asynchronous Javascript And XML (Asynchronous Javascript and XML) and is not a technology in the strict sense of the word. If in a standard web application the server processes all the information, while the browser is responsible only for interaction with the user, sending requests and outputting incoming HTML, then in an Ajax application another intermediary appears between the user and the server - the Ajax engine. It determines which requests can be processed "in place" and which must be addressed to the server.

The server behavior has also changed. If previously the server would produce a new page for each request, now it sends only the data that the client needs, and the Ajax engine generates HTML from it directly in the browser.

Asynchrony manifests itself in the fact that not every user click reaches the server, and the opposite is also true - not every server reaction is due to the user’s request. Most requests are generated by the Ajax engine, and it can be written in such a way that it will load information, anticipating user actions.

Where to use Ajax:

· Forms. They are very slow. If you transfer data asynchronously, the page does not reload.

· Navigation in the form of a "tree". In general, such navigation is terrible. A simple topology is much more convenient, but if it comes down to it, it's better to use Ajax.

· Filters. Websites often sort by date or name. Ajax will be much more convenient.

JavaScript

The JavaScript programming language was developed by Netscape for creating interactive HTML documents. It is an object-oriented language for developing embedded applications running on both the client and server sides. The syntax of the language is very similar to the syntax of Java - that's why it is called Java-like.

The main uses of JavaScript fall into the following categories:

· dynamic creation of a document using a script;

· prompt verification of the authenticity of HTML form fields filled in by the user before transmitting them to the server;

· creation of dynamic HTML pages together with cascading style sheets and the document object model;

· user interaction when solving “local” problems solved by a JavaScript application embedded in an HTML page.

VBScript

The VBScript scripting language was developed by Microsoft and is a subset of the Visual Basic language for developing Windows application programs, which is quite common among programmers. Like its parent, VBScript is quite simple and easy to learn.

The advantage of using it for creating scripts is the ability to use, with minor adjustments, previously written procedures in Visual Basic and Visual Basic for Application.

Functionality Scripts written in VBScript are no different from the capabilities of JavaScript scripts: dynamic creation document or its parts, intercepting and processing events, and so on.

VBScript is used for client-side scripting (in which case the browser must have a built-in interpreter for that language) and for server-side scripting (in which case the server must support VBScript).

To create client scripts, a set of objects is used, similar to a set of JavaScript. Client and server objects are different from each other, but there is a common part (core) of objects used in the development of both client and server scripts.

Perl is most widely used for developing systems administration tools, but recently it has gained enormous popularity in the development of Internet applications: CGI scripts, automated email processing systems, and Web site support.

Here are some examples of problems that can be solved using Perl:

· checking Windows NT users for discrepancies in their status and capabilities;

· management of NT services from the command line and remotely with local machine obtaining statistical data on a separate machine;

· Can also work with the FTP protocol;

· system support for UNIX and Windows.

Currently in world wide web There are several million websites hosted and their number is constantly growing. Everyone has the opportunity not only to view any of them and extract useful information for themselves, but also to take an active part in their creation. The environment in which development will take place is of great importance.

Macromedia continues to make Dreamweaver intuitive and easy to use. Powerful tools on the one hand and ease of use on the other, make Macromedia products an ideal software package for both professional web designers and beginners. Products included in the Macromedia package, such as Flash, Firework, Dreamweaver, will make your work more productive, and at the same time can replace each other (for example, you can create buttons in any of them). Products such as: Sitespring, FreeHand will add efficiency when working with a client.

Dreamweaver has many advantages:

Dreamweaver supports pure HTML code as well as the latest DHTML and CSS extensions.

Contains excellent means of automatic connection management, that is, whenever files are moved in the environment, all connections are restored automatically. Sections of the page can be blocked to protect them from unintentional damage.

Allows you to undo changes made several steps ago (however, once you save the page, you will not be able to undo the changes).

"Dynamic cross-browser checking" is applied.

Supports extensions from both third-party developers and Macromedia itself (more than 500).

Dreamweaver comes with a library of elements that you can use on Web pages, such as a navigation bar, a copyright descriptor, and more.

Used to add multimedia to web pages and various types files from Flash and Java to RealAudio, interactive elements such as search engines, forums, e-commerce systems.

Dreamweaver does not have its own image creation tools. It presents only the simplest editing tools, so to create and edit images we will need special graphic editors.

Dreamweaver allows you to remove unnecessary code from Microsoft applications, after which pages will load faster and display better in different browsers.

Fireworks is a graphics editor with the ability to further optimize it and post it on the network. Using a wide variety of tools, we can create and edit both vector and raster graphics within the same file instead of moving from one program to another. Fireworks generates HTML and JavaScript code and can easily create dynamic menus and navigation bars for our web pages. Effective optimization of graphic files allows you to reduce their size as much as possible without losing quality.

In addition, it is possible to edit WEB page layouts. For example, in Fireworks 8 you can open graphic file the entire width of the future site, draw the necessary graphic design, and then cut it with the Slice Tool the way the future table of the HTML document should look. After this, you can begin to refine individual graphic elements and, among other things, create active graphics that respond to the cursor, without knowing the programming language (JavaScript) at all.

One of three professional graphic editors, who are fighting with varying degrees of success for primacy in working with vector graphics. FreeHand is much faster and simpler than its competitors - CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator. FreeHand is great for creating logos, advertising, Web graphics and animation.

The program's manufacturers have made a lot of effort to make life as easy as possible for users: the program's interface is simple and intuitive, there are many "bells and whistles" that allow you to quickly and easily perform complex object transformations or achieve a variety of artistic effects. FreeHand can export and import files in almost all common formats. Moreover, it includes hotkey settings that emulate other common programs (Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw). So there is no need to relearn when switching to FreeHand.

An interesting and important feature of FreeHand when working on large projects is the ability to make global changes to the document, both for text and all graphic objects. The global replacement mechanism is very flexible. In addition to replacement, it allows you to select objects with specified properties for subsequent transformation. The main properties used to search and replace or select objects are color, outline thickness, font, and rotation angle.

FreeHand documents can easily be turned into web pages. Of course, FreeHand is not an HTML editor, but it does support basic HTML elements. Using FreeHand WEB pages can be easily equipped with Flash animation. Text blocks, groups of objects, and objects with outlines are inserted into an animation clip. A small clip of FreeHand objects is created literally with one command - all that remains is to follow some settings. Each frame of the clip is placed on a separate layer; the animation effect is achieved by sequentially playing the contents of individual layers. But FreeHand tools will not replace the Macromedia Flash editor.

Creates attractive interactive multimedia presentations for WEB sites. Flash is typical Vector graphics and animation, although this program can also be used to manipulate or display raster graphics, edit video footage, and even manipulate audio files.

Flash content is published in compact SWF files for later display on a variety of platforms using the Flash player. When a SWF file is played online, content such as MP3 audio files, Flash videos, and images can be dynamically loaded into the file. JPEG format. The Flash player allows you to connect to data sources to combine them with a database, XML or web services. With all these capabilities, attractive animations and effects can be introduced into data-driven applications. Flash has support for anti-aliasing (smoothing edges by mixing adjacent colors). Because this file format is based on vector graphics, the object maintains image quality at any resolution and is ideal for creating animation frames.

Powerful event-driven language. The ActionScript language used is almost a full-fledged programming language, with support for conditions, loops, arrays, functions and classes that can be inherited.

In favor of Flash is the small size of the resulting files and the use of vector image format, and compression of raster and sound files, which has a very positive effect on reducing the size of the page and its download time.

This program is very user friendly. It has a lot of ready-made tags and templates.

Interface flexibility is one of the product's strengths. Any user can easily customize the HomeSite interface to suit their preferences and needs.

While working, the user can see a work area with two tabs - Browse and Edit. That is, programming occurs in the Edit tab, and the result can be seen if you select the Browse tab. While creating new page Some tags like HTML and BODY automatically appear in the edit field. This is the template that is loaded when you create a new page. Its content can be changed.

HomeSite makes it very easy to build a site architecture. This is facilitated by Quick panel Bar with a system of tabs with ready-made tags. The tags in these tabs are very different - from simple ones like a paragraph to java scripts. You can generally leave one tab, adding all the necessary tags to it through the Customize menu. You can also create tags or combinations thereof yourself. When you click on a button with a specific tag, a window appears where you can configure the tag's options and specify its attributes. Supports WYSIWYG mode with all its pros and cons.

To speed up your work, there are many tag editing tools available. These are, for example, functions such as Tag Completion, Tag Editors and Tag Insight. They make it much easier to edit tags and their attributes. There are also code snippets.

HomeSite integrates easily with controls source code and project management systems, and also offers extensive capabilities for working with the FTP protocol, thanks to which we can quickly deploy the site and organize its effective maintenance.

It is the most popular HTML editor on the market, mainly due to its popularity Microsoft package Office. The program offers powerful features and an attractive software package, including Image Composer, which is designed for creating images (Appendix B). FrontPage also contains WEB components necessary to add interactive properties to a web site. Microsoft FrontPage is a classic WYSIWYG editor, which, however, has the ability to manually edit code.

The program has three modes of working with a document: Normal, HTML and Preview.

In Normal mode, web pages are a regular text file with the ability to edit all elements - from text to pictures.

In HTML mode, syntax highlighting is provided, but it is quite mediocre - descriptors are highlighted in blue, everything else is black.

In Preview mode you can see how your page will look in the browser window.

FrontPage has a table designer that makes creating them much easier. One of the main advantages of the program is the large number of available templates, allowing the user not to rack his brains over the design of his project. Having selected the required template, we can proceed directly to filling the page with content. This is where the beauty of FrontPage comes into play: the process of creating an HTML page is no different from creating a regular one text document V Microsoft Word. We have access to the same tools for editing text, changing its formatting, creating and editing tables, inserting various objects and images, and all this without knowledge of HTML. FrontPage divides the work area into several blocks containing specific page elements - pictures, text, headings, etc. For each block, you can assign your own formatting parameters and its location relative to the page.

Cons: small set of development tools, impossibility of purchasing the program separately. Microsoft FrontPage is a good choice as an HTML editor for the first time, but as your needs grow, its capabilities may not be enough. There are also back side medals - the complexity and cumbersomeness of the resulting code, which naturally affects the final size of the document. It will also be very difficult to make changes to such a document in the future. But this is rather a drawback not of a specific product, but of almost all WYSIWYG editors (What You See Is What You Get - “what you see is what you get”).

Web components only work if the web server that is being used has programs that correspond to them.

Despite the fact that Microsoft Word is a text editor and is not essentially considered an HTML editor. It has the ability to save files in HTML format. As a result, we may encounter pages that were created in one way or another in Microsoft Word. The problems with HTML generated from the editor are similar to those of FrontPage: both programs produce redundant code that doesn't all conform to the HTML standard. A huge number of people who use Word in their daily work become potential HTML document developers.

There are two ways to create a web page in Word: using the Wizard or by converting an existing one Word document in HTML format. In this case, Word itself generates HTML tags, although not in an optimal way. The transformation naturally leads to the fact that some elements of the document design will be lost or changed. If you need to insert your own tags into an HTML page, Word allows you to directly edit the HTML code.

Designed for creating and editing illustrations, that is, images containing vector graphics elements, such as fonts, geometric shapes, etc.

Web pages can contain many elements - HTML text, raster images, vector graphics. In Illustrator, you can use fragments to define the boundaries of various web elements in an object. A web page is divided into cells that are presented in three types: images, without images, HTML text.

In this case, you can save each fragment as an independent file with its own format, settings and color palette. Locking fragments prevents accidental position changes. The size of a fragment is tied to the object it contains. Therefore, when you move or change the size of an object, the fragment boundaries are adjusted automatically, but if necessary, they can always be adjusted manually.

Linkmaps allow you to associate one or more areas of an image (called hotspots) with a URL. When we click on an active area, the web browser downloads the file associated with it.

The main difference between using link maps and fragments to create links is how the object is exported to the web page. Using link maps saves the object as a single image file, while using tiles the object is divided into several separate files. Another difference between link maps and tiles is that maps allow you to link polygonal or rectangular areas in an object, while tiles only allow you to link rectangular areas.

The most popular and widely used image editing program. With its help you can create highly artistic images. It contains everything you need to create and edit professional graphics.

Photoshop is not just an image editing program, it is the most powerful and feature-rich program in its class. The program allows you to retouch an image and subject it to special effects, transfer details from one photo to another, add text, change color ratios, and even add color to grayscale images. Photoshop tools are compatible with graphics tablets, which makes it possible to create completely artistic images, no worse than those made with watercolors and oils.

Despite the simplicity of the basic Photoshop tools The user can also customize them “for themselves.” This is equivalent to having an endless variety of crayons. Because drawing programs rely on pixels to operate, they are ideal for working with electronic (digital) photographs of colored pencils, spray paints, watercolors, oil paints, and more. Photoshop gives you complete control over every pixel of your image. The disadvantage of limited resolution drawing programs. Because a bitmap consists of a fixed number of pixels.

CorelDraw allows you to process a wide variety of information presented in a document in the form of vector and raster objects, blocks of plain and artistic text, as well as Internet objects.

The program uses a modern flat-type interface, which is characterized by the fact that the tools located on various panels are displayed in the form of ordinary flat pictures, and one of them is selected only when the pointer is placed on it.

When constructing vector images, lines and shapes are overlaid until the final image is created. Each object can be edited independently of the others - one of the few advantages of the object approach, however, the image still has to be built step by step. In a vector drawing editing program, lines, shapes, and text are specified by mathematical expressions, which makes it possible to automatically adjust them to the maximum resolution of the output device. Another advantage of vector designs is that they don't require much disk space. The volume of a vector drawing file depends only on the number and complexity of the objects that make up this drawing, so its size, unlike a raster drawing, has virtually no effect on this volume.

CorelDraw demonstrates the qualities of a powerful visual editor web pages: the user gets the ability to generate rich HTML documents, which can include JavaScript scripts and CSS style sheets.

With powerful graphics, text, and document layout and export tools for publishing on the Web, CorelDraw is a good starting point for generating the first versions of an HTML file.

When placing images on a page, one of the most important tasks is optimizing the size of image files. The recommended ceiling for the total page size is from 100 to 150 kbytes. Reducing the size of image files is done by compressing the files and reducing the number of colors. These tasks are available for any of the graphics programs listed above.

Conclusion

With the advent of web technology, completely new layers of the Earth's population begin to use computers. We can identify two most characteristic groups, located at different social poles, who were rapidly involved in the new technology, perhaps even against their own desire. On the one hand, these were representatives of elite groups of society - heads of large organizations, presidents of banks, top managers, influential government officials. On the other hand, these were representatives of the broadest strata of the population - housewives, pensioners, children.

The range of social groups connecting to the Internet and looking for information on the WWW is constantly expanding due to users who are not classified as specialists in the field. information technologies. These are doctors, builders, historians, lawyers, financiers, athletes, travelers, clergy, artists, writers, artists. The list goes on and on. Anyone who has experienced the usefulness and indispensability of the Internet for their professional activities or hobbies joins the huge army of information consumers on the World Wide Web.

With the development of hypertext markup technologies, more and more sites began to appear on the Internet, the topics of which were completely different - from sites large companies, telling about the successes of the company and its failures, to the websites of small companies offering to visit their offices within the same city.

The development of Internet technologies gave rise to the emergence of a new branch on the Internet - Internet forums. Websites, and even entire portals, began to appear where people from all over the world can communicate, get answers to any questions and even conclude business deals.

Website creation is a marketing step aimed at creating information resource, which will provide an opportunity for the company to both retain old customers and attract new ones.

Website creation and development includes:

· approval of the initial terms of reference for website development;

List of sources used

1. Borisenko A.A. Web design. Just like two and two. – M.: Eksmo, 2008.- 320 p.

2. Burlakov M.V. CorelDRAW 12. – St. Petersburg; BHV-Petersburg, 2004. – 688 p.

3. Jamsa Chris. An effective tutorial on creative Web design. HTML, XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, ASP, ActiveX. Text, graphics, sound and animation. Translated from English/Chris Jamsa, Conrad King, Andy Anderson - M.: DiaSoftUP LLC, 2005. - 672 p.

4. Dunaev V. JavaScript tutorial, 2nd ed. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. – 395 p.

5. Zolnikov D.S. PHP5. How to create a website of any complexity yourself. – 2nd ed. erased – M.: NT Press, 2007. – 272 p.

6. Inkova N. A., Zaitseva E. A., Kuzmina N. V., Tolstykh S. G. Creation of Web sites: Educational manual. Part 5. Tambov: Tamb Publishing House. state tech. University, 2005. – 56 p.

7. Mazurkevich A. RNR: a programmer’s handbook / Alexander Mazurkevich, Dmitry Elovoy. – Mn.: New knowledge, 2006. – 495 p.

8. McClelland Dick. Photoshop 7. User's Bible. : Per. from English – M.: Publishing House “William”, 2006. - 928 p.

9. Orlov L.V. Web site without secrets. / L. V. Orlov. – 2nd ed. – M.: Buk-press, 2006. – 512 p.

10. Polonskaya E.L. HTML language. Self-instruction manual: - M.: Publishing house "William", 2005. - 320 p.

11. Creation of Web pages and Web sites. Tutorial: [textbook. allowance] / ed. V. N. Pechnikova. – M.: Triumph Publishing House, 2006.- 464 p.

12. Yakushev, L. V. Let’s start working on the Internet. Quick guide. – M.: Publishing House “William”, 2006. -128 p.

Software development trends require that and separately standing computer was equipped with network software (browsers, software implementations of protocols). Software Feature computer networks at the present stage of development there is an extremely wide range of used software and programming languages. This is due to the dynamic development and huge variety of computer networks and related technologies. In such conditions, no single technology or programming language can have a decisive superiority over others. This situation forces a specialist engaged in software development to simultaneously master and use practical work a large number of development tools and programming languages.

For example, even to create an ordinary interactive WEB page that meets modern requirements, you need knowledge of the hypertext markup language HTML, cascading style sheets (CSS) and more complex server-side application development technologies such as PHP. In addition, to develop the server part of the software, the programmer must have access to databases using the Mysql query language.

Denver: Automation of toolkit installation.

Installing Apache server and related programs manually can be quite tedious. The point is that you will have to deal with numerous Apache, PHP and MySQL configuration parameters that will never be useful to you again.

Denver is a universal installer that can simplify the installation of all programs needed by a Web programmer; these are the same distributions of Apache, PHP, MySQL, Perl, combined into a single archive, equipped with a convenient installer and configuration utilities for a specific machine (including tools for automatically configuring virtual hosts ).

Denver is a fully automated facility.

Terms of Use.

Denver was created to make it easy to set up and install freely

distributed programs (Apache, PHP, MySQL, etc.). Naturally he can

may be used free of charge by any Web programmers and designers, but only for non-commercial purposes.

Denver has a modular structure. Its core is the so-called “base package”. All other components come as standalone extension packs that require the base pack to function.

Contents of the basic package.

The basic package contains most of the programs and utilities necessary for a Web programmer:

Apache with SSI support, mod_rewrite, modphp;

PHP with GD and MySQL support;

MySQL with transaction support (nrysqld-max);

PhpMyAdmin - MySQL management system via a Web interface; fully

replaces command line MySQL;

Perl core without standard libraries;

sendmail emulator;

Supports work in conjunction with PHP and Perl;

The distribution containing all the components listed above takes only about 2 MB.

Additional Expansion Packs

There are also many expansion packs available for Denver, containing:

documentation for all programs included in the complex;

full version of Perl with standard libraries;

full version of PHP 5;

Developer Support.

There is a forum at http://forum.dklab.ru/denwer/ where you can get advice from the authors of the book on issues related to the use of Denver. It also contains an extensive database of questions and answers that users have asked over the past two years. The forum has a flexible search system.

Installing the distribution.

All distributions are archives in 7-Zip format (http:// 7-zip.org). The format was chosen because it provides the best compression ratio.

After purchasing the distribution, you need to run it. First, the archive will be unpacked into a temporary directory (you need to wait a little), and then the installer will automatically launch.

You will be asked in which directory you would like to install the complex (by default, C:WebServers is used, you just need to press the to agree with this choice). Absolutely all system components will be located in the specified directory, and no further files will be created outside of it (except for shortcuts on the desktop).

Denver has several configuration files, and they are located in places where they are easiest to find for the complex components. Some files do not exist by default - they must be created before changes can be made.

  • * Main configuration file: /etc/CONFIGURATION.txt.
  • * Apache httpd.conf configuration: /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf.
  • * .htaccess files with local site settings: in the document directories of the corresponding sites.
  • * PHP configuration: php.ini: /usr/local/php/php.ini.
  • * PHP 3 configuration: /usr/local/php3/php3.ini.
  • * MySQL configuration with transactions: /usr/local/mysql/my.cnf.
  • * Hosts file - correspondence of site names to their IP addresses:

for Windows 95/98/ME: C:Windowshosts;

for Windows NT/2000/XP: C:WinNTsystem32driversetchosts.

Get started with Denver.

After installation is complete, click on the Denwer shortcut on your desktop.

Open http://localhost in your browser (stored in the home/localhost/www folder).

HTML

Information exchange on the Internet is carried out using application level protocols that implement one or another application service (transferring files, hypertext information, mail, etc.). One of the youngest and most popular Internet services, the development of which led to a surge in the popularity of the Internet itself, was the World Wide Web (WWW), based on the HTTP protocol (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Hypertext documents presented on the WWW have one fundamental difference from traditional hypertext documents - the connections they use are not limited to one document, and moreover, they are not limited to one computer. To prepare hypertext documents, the HTML language (Hyper Text Markup Language - markup language for hypertext documents) is used, which provides ample opportunities for formatting and structural markup of documents, organizing connections between various documents, and means for including graphic and multimedia information. HTML documents are viewed using a special program - a browser. The most widely used browsers at present are Navigator from Netscape (NN) and Internet Explorer from Microsoft (MSIE). NN implementations are available for almost all modern software and hardware platforms, MSIE implementations are available for all Windows platforms, Macintosh and some commercial Unix systems.

An HTML document consists of text, which represents the content of the document, and tags, which determine its structure and appearance when displayed by a browser. The simplest html document looks like this:

Name

Document body



As you can see from the example, a tag is a keyword enclosed in angle brackets. There are single tags, such as

, and paired, like

, in the latter case, the tag's effect extends only to the text between its opening and closing brackets. Tags can also have parameters - for example, when describing a page, you can set the background color, font color, etc.: text="black">.

The text of the entire document is contained in tags , the document itself is divided into two parts - the header and the body. The title is described by tags , which can include the title of the document (using tags </i>) and other parameters used by the browser when displaying the document. The body of the document is enclosed in tags <i><body> </i> and contains the actual information that the user sees. In the absence of formatting tags, all text is displayed in the browser window as a continuous stream, line breaks, spaces and tabs are treated as whitespace characters, several whitespace characters in a row are replaced by one. The following main tags are used for formatting:</p> <p><p>The beginning of a new paragraph may have a parameter that determines the alignment:</p> <p> <p>Line feed within the current paragraph;</p> <p><u></u>- highlighting text with underlining</p> <p>A link to another document is established using a tag <i><a href= «URL»>…</a> </i>, where URL is the full or relative address of the document. In this case, the text enclosed in the tag <a>, is usually highlighted with an underline and color, and after clicking on this link, the browser opens the document whose address is specified in the href parameter. Graphic images are inserted into a document using a tag <i><img src='/at/sredstva-razrabotki-web-prilozhenii-oblasti-primeneniya-yazykov-programmirovaniya.html' loading=lazy loading=lazy> </i>.</p> <p><u><b>PHP</b> </u></p> <p>PHP (English PHP: HyperText Preprocessor - “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”, English Personal Home Page Tools (obsolete) - “Tools for creating personal web pages”) is a general-purpose scripting programming language, intensively used for web development. applications. Currently supported by the vast majority of hosting providers and is one of the leaders among programming languages.</p> <p>PHP is a language specifically aimed at working on the Internet, with a universal and clear syntax, very similar to C, combining the advantages of Perl and C. Allows you to embed program code in HTML documents. We can use it to generate HTML documents and eliminate a lot of calls to external scripts. This language is used on about a million servers around the world, and their number continues to grow. The new generation of PHP5 should erase all the advantages of Perl over PHP, both in terms of program processing speed (and the third and fourth versions of PHP lagged far behind Perl when processing large loops), and in terms of syntax. Finally, most PHP scripts (especially smaller ones) are faster than their equivalent programs written in Perl.</p> <p><u><b>PHP version 5</b> </u></p> <p>Of course, first of all, the speed of work has increased a little. We owe this to the transition to a new system core - Zend Engine 2. But the main reason for changing the version number from 4 to 5 is a significant improvement in PHP's object-oriented capabilities and the integration of two powerful libraries into the interpreter core: the SQLite DBMS and a module for working with XML.</p> <p>PHP version 5 is compatible with PHP 4 much better than PHP 4 is compatible with PHP 3. This means that programs developed with PHP version 4 in mind are highly likely to work on PHP 5 without any modifications.</p> <p>Popularity in the field of website building is determined by the presence of a large set of built-in tools for developing web applications. The main ones:</p> <ul><li>· automatic extraction of POST and GET parameters, as well as <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/education/u-prav-na-zapusk-igry-zapusk-programmy-bez-prav-administratora-i.html">environment variables</a> web server into predefined arrays;</li> <li>· interaction with a large number of different database management systems (MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/multimedia/popytka-vstavki-neunikalnogo-znacheniya-v-unikalnyi-indeks-oshibka.html">SQL Server</a>, InterBase, Paradox, etc.);</li> <li>· automated sending of HTTP headers;</li> <li>· working with HTTP authorization;</li> <li>· working with cookies and sessions;</li> <li>· work with local and <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/problems/udalyayutsya-faily-s-sd-kak-vosstanovit-udalennye-faily-s-fleshki-ili-karty-pamyati.html">deleted files</a>, sockets;</li> <li>· processing files uploaded to the server;</li> <li>· work with XForms;</li> </ul><p>PHP is currently used by hundreds of thousands of developers. According to the TIOBE Corporation rating, based on search engine data, in April 2011 PHP was in 5th place among programming languages.</p> <p><u><b>CSS</b> </u></p> <p>CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a language for describing the appearance of a document written using a markup language, a powerful mechanism for controlling the presentation of individual documents or sets of them.</p> <p>CSS is used by web page creators to specify colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of document presentation. The main purpose of developing CSS was to separate the content (written in HTML or other markup language) from the presentation of the document (written in CSS). This separation can increase document accessibility, provide greater flexibility and control over its presentation, and reduce complexity and repetition in structural content. Additionally, CSS allows you to present the same document in different styles or rendering methods.</p> <p>Before the advent of CSS, the design of web pages was carried out exclusively using HTML, directly within the content of the document. However, with the advent of CSS, it became possible to fundamentally separate the content and presentation of a document. Thanks to this innovation, it became possible to easily apply a single design style for a mass of similar documents, as well as quickly change this design.</p> <p><b>Advantages:</b></p> <p>Several page designs for <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/navigation/vyvod-zvuka-na-raznye-ustroistva-windows-7-vyvod-zvuka-na-raznye.html">different devices</a> viewing. For example, on the screen the design will be designed for a large width; the menu will not be displayed during printing, but on PDAs and <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/program/sotovyi-telefon-fly-ezzy-trendy-3-harakteristiki.html">cell phone</a> the menu will follow the content.</p> <p>Reducing the loading time of site pages by transferring data presentation rules to a separate CSS file. In this case, the browser only downloads the document structure and data stored on the page, and the view of this data is downloaded by the browser only once and can be cached.</p> <p>Easy to change the design later. You don't need to edit every page, just change the CSS file.</p> <p>Additional design options. For example, using CSS layout you can make a block of text that will wrap around the rest of the text (for example, for a menu) or make the menu always visible when scrolling the page.</p> <p><b>Flaws:</b></p> <p>Different layout display in different browsers (especially older ones), which interpret the same CSS data differently.</p> <p>It is often necessary in practice to correct not only a single CSS file, but also HTML tags that are associated with CSS selectors in a complex and obscure way, which sometimes negates the ease of applying uniform style files and significantly lengthens editing and testing time.</p> <p><u><b>MySQL</b> </u></p> <p>Today it is difficult to imagine any significant <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/firmware/obespechenie-informacionnoi-bezopasnosti-avtomatizirovannyh-sistem.html">information system</a>, which would not have a database as an important component. Database concepts and technologies developed gradually and have always been closely related to the development of automated information processing systems.</p> <p>Databases are created to store and access data containing information about a certain subject area, or in our case a price list, that is, in the field of human activity, which in turn simplifies work and increases labor efficiency. This is due to the dynamic development and diversity of database management systems.</p> <p><u>MySQL</u>- free database management system (DBMS). MySQL is the property of Oracle Corporation, which acquired it along with the acquired Sun Microsystems, which develops and supports the application.</p> <p>MySQL is the solution for small and medium-sized applications. Included in the WAMP, LAMP servers and in portable server builds Denver, XAMPP. MySQL is typically used as a server accessed by local or remote clients, but the distribution includes a back-end library that allows MySQL to be included in standalone programs.</p> <p>The flexibility of the MySQL DBMS is ensured by support for a large number of table types: users can choose both MyISAM tables that support full-text search and InnoDB tables that support transactions at the individual record level. Moreover, the MySQL DBMS comes with a special EXAMPLE table type that demonstrates the principles of creating new table types. Thanks to the open architecture and GPL licensing, new types of tables are constantly appearing in the MySQL DBMS.</p> <p>MySQL 5.1 continues the path to the SQL:2003 standard. MySQL 5.1 contains the following innovations.</p> <p>Segmentation is the ability to split one large table into several parts located in different <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/at/failovaya-sistema-v-vide-spiska-na-vb6-dobavlenie-dannyh-k-failu.html">file systems</a>, based on a user-defined function. Under certain conditions, this can provide a significant performance boost and also makes it easier to scale tables.</p> <p>The behavior of a number of operators has been changed to ensure greater compatibility with the SQL2003 standard.</p> <p>Row-based replication, in which only information about actually changed table rows will be written to the binary log instead of the original (and possibly slow) query text. Row-by-row replication can only be used for certain types of SQL queries, in MySQL terms - mixed replication.</p> <p>Built-in scheduler of periodically launched jobs. In terms of syntax, adding a task is similar to adding a trigger to a table; in ideology, it is similar to crontab.</p> <p>Additional set of functions for XML processing, implementation of XPath support.</p> <p>New problem diagnostics and performance analysis utilities. The capabilities for managing the contents of log files have been expanded; logs can now be saved in the general_log and slow_log tables. The mysqlslap utility allows you to load test the database and record the response time for each request.</p> <p>To simplify the update operation, the mysql_upgrade utility has been prepared, which will check all existing tables for compatibility with <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/navigation/bitriks-17-versiya-chto-novogo-istoriya-versii-adres-formy.html">new version</a>, and will make appropriate adjustments if necessary.</p> <p>MySQL Cluster is now released as a separate product based on MySQL 5.1 and NDBCLUSTER storage.</p> <p>Significant changes in <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/installation-and-configuration/mysql-workbench-opisanie-rabota-s-subd-mysql-ispolzovanie-instrumenta-mysql-workbench-workbench.html">MySQL work</a> Cluster, such as, for example, the ability to store tabular data on disk.</p> <p>Revert to using the built-in libmysqld library, which was missing in MySQL 5.0.</p> <p>An API for plugins that allows you to load third-party modules that extend functionality (such as full-text search) without restarting the server.</p> <p>Implementation of a full-text search parser as a plug-in.</p> <p>New Maria table type (crash-resistant clone of MyISAM).</p> <p><u><b>Web</b>-<b>Apache server</b> </u></p> <p>When running the project, the Apache Web server was chosen. Why Apache? The fact is that this is the most common server at the moment, and it is unlikely that it will lose its popularity in the next few years. It is installed on most hosting providers. In addition, and importantly, there is a Windows version, almost identical in functionality to its Unix counterpart.</p> <p>According to Netcraft, the total number of Web sites operating under its control reached 2 million by the end of 1998 (55% of the total number of sites) and is constantly growing. For comparison: Microsoft servers account for 25%, Netscape - 7%. Being free <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/at/chem-otkryt-vcf-na-windows-10-chem-otkryt-vcf-na-kompyutere-windows-programmy.html">open program</a>, designed for free Unix systems (FreeBSD, Linux, etc.), Apache is not inferior to commercial servers in functionality and reliability, and its extensive configuration capabilities allow you to configure it to work with almost any specific system. There are server localizations for various languages, including Russian.</p> <p>Historically, Russian texts on the Internet can be presented in different encodings, of which the most common are koi8-r (or simply koi8) and Windows-1251: the first one works with most servers and workstations running Unix, the second one is standard for all <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/problems/gde-nahoditsya-kesh-microsoft-edge-problemy-ochistki-kesha-v-mobilnyh-versiyah.html">Windows versions</a>. Since the Windows-1251 encoding is naturally used on the vast majority of client machines, the share of those who travel through the Russian part of the WWW using koi8 now does not exceed 5%. However, documents are stored in this encoding on many Unix servers, mail messages are most often transmitted in it and almost always letters in teleconferences, and many Russian-language IRC channels work with it (by the way, the abbreviation KOI stands for “information exchange code”). To solve the problems that arise when text encodings on the server and the client machine do not match, the Russian module Apache-RUS was created for the Apache Web server.</p> <p>DISADVANTAGES OF SITES Inconsistency of the site with psychophysiological requirements, which leads to increased fatigue or distraction q passion for animation, graphic images and video fragments that do not carry a semantic load q redundancy or lack of information presented q incorrect choice of development tools, which entails an unreasonable increase in the cost of the finished product product. q 3</p> <p>REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SITE The site must be easy to use - pages must load as quickly as possible, and the resource itself must have a logical and understandable structure. Only in this case can you count on the visitor being interested in the information provided and staying on the site. 4</p> <p>WEB APPLICATION A web application is an application that runs using a web browser over the Internet or Intranet. It is also a computer application program <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/education/skachat-launcher-iksperiya-smart-launcher-neobychnyi-launcher-dlya-soni-iksperiya.html">user interface</a>(UI), which is coded in languages ​​understandable to browsers (HTML, CSS, Java. Script, etc.). 5</p> <p>WEB CLIENT (BROWSER) A web browser or browser (browser) is software for requesting web pages, processing them, displaying them and moving from one page to another. 6</p> <p>WEB SERVER (HTTP SERVER) <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/internet/ocenka-antivirusnyh-programm-sravnenie-antivirusov-po.html">Computer program</a>, responsible for accepting HTTP requests from the client and sending them an HTTP response with some set of data, which are usually HTML documents or related objects. 7</p> <p>HTTP REQUEST The HTTP request contains an indication of the resource: <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/education/veb-stranica-html-predstavlyaet-soboi-sozdanie-web-stranic-izuchenie-yazyka-html.html">HTML page</a> text file (txt, doc, pdf) graphic file multimedia file (sound, video) executable file (exe or dll) file with scripts (asp, aspx, php, jsp, etc.) 8</p> <p>SERVER ACTIONS ON REQUEST Sending a file, launching an exe program or dll module for execution and sending the result to the client; transferring a file with scripts to script processing programs on the server for processing and sending the result to the client. 9</p> <p>CASCADING STYLE SHEETS A style sheet is a set of rules that tell the browser how to display a document. Each such rule consists of two parts: a selector, which specifies the HTML tag to which the rule should be applied; a style declaration, which describes the properties of the style that should be attached to the one specified in the selector <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/education/kakie-osnovnye-elementy-web-stranicy-osnovnye-elementy.html">HTML tag</a>. 12</p> <p>CASCADING STYLE SHEETS Selectors are special pointers to tags to which a CSS rule needs to be applied. You can use the class name as a selector. The convenience of such selectors is that you can assign one class name to many HTML tags in a document and then manage them <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/internet/samsung-1520-draiver-vindovs-7-64-bit-vneshnii-vid-i-konstruktivnye.html">appearance</a>, referring to them by class name. You can apply an identifier (ID) to any HTML tag. The ID must be unique within the HTML document. 14</p> <p>CASCADING STYLE SHEETS strong (font-weight: normal; color: red; ) h 1 ( font: bold 10 pt verdana; ) . my. Class (font: bold 10 pt verdana; ) #my. Object ( margin: left; ) /* change the margins for the tag whose id=”my. Object” */ span#today ( margin: left; ) /* change the margins for the span tag, which has id=”today” */ 15</p> <p>Concept and classification of web technologies. Requirements for web applications. Carrying out assessment work. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 16</p> <p>BASIC CONCEPTS Information available to Internet users is located on Web servers. Much of this information is organized in the form of Web sites. Each of them has its own name (address) on the Internet. A website is information presented in a certain form, which is located on a Web server and has its own name. To view Web sites on the user's computer, special programs called browsers are used. 17</p> <p>BASIC CONCEPTS Modern web applications are mainly portals that provide services. One of the disadvantages of such services is the difficulty of exchanging information between companies. 18</p> <p>CLASSIFICATION - PUBLIC PORTALS Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, Rambler. Such portals are often the result of the development of search engines. Intended for a wide audience. The information they provide is general in nature, as are the services they provide (email, newsletters, etc.). 20</p> <p>CLASSIFICATION - VERTICAL PORTALS Designed for specific types of market and serving the audience using the services of this market or working in it. Examples of such portals: travel agencies providing services for hotel reservations, ordering and delivery of tickets, access to maps and information about road routes, business-to-business portals that allow their clients to implement joint business operations: select suppliers and make purchases goods, conduct auctions. 21</p> <p>CLASSIFICATION - CORPORATE PORTALS Designed for employees, clients and partners of one enterprise. Users of such a portal receive access to services and applications intended for them, depending on their role and personal profile. 22</p> <p>CLASSIFICATION - OTHER WEB APPLICATIONS Regional Internet portals. Search engines. A directory is a collection of links to websites. Electronic bulletin boards. Forums. Chats. Mailing list servers. Online stores and auctions. 23</p> <p>PROJECT STAGES Analysis of the site's goals and functions that will be offered to the user. Construction of the information architecture of the site. Navigation and page design. 25</p> <p>SITE MAP The page displaying the map should not exceed two pages in size on the user's screen. It is most effective to use a map with a static display of the information architecture. The map must display not only the user’s current position on the site, but also those sections that he has already visited. 26</p> <p>HOME PAGE The home page clearly states the company's goals. Each design element should allow the user to understand the sequence of actions to solve their problems. 27</p> <p>CONTENT Highlighting of keywords well-written headings lists with bullets one paragraph per idea inverted pyramid style (the article begins with a conclusion) fewer words than in a regular article a minimum of unclear terms indicating the date of creation of the message contextual information of the "ALT 28" attribute</p> <p>LINKS The user must know what will happen if he clicks on a link; links in the text should be colored or underlined; the color of visited and unvisited links should be different; do not allow the appearance of broken links. thirty</p> <p>CONDUCTING ASSESSMENT WORK To carry out the assessment work, it is necessary to involve from three to five participants. Each of them does the work individually. After which their results are compared. The test is carried out in two stages: understanding the operation of the interface and concentrating on certain elements. 33</p> <p>HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE) Hypertext Markup Language is used to describe the content of a web page and its formatting. An HTML page consists of text and images, as well as special elements called tags. The browser displays parts of the page according to <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/navigation/1s-v-parametrah-vybora-zadat-imya-gruppy-ustanovka-parametrov.html">given parameters</a> or defines relationships between content elements and other pages. 35</p> <p>PHP (PERSONAL HYPERTEXT PROCESSOR) is a server-side embedded scripting language that allows developers to quickly and efficiently build dynamic web applications. PHP capabilities - support <a href="https://5visa.ru/en/navigation/chto-oznachaet-ne-menee-8-kak-napisat-parol-latinskimi-bukvami-i.html">regular expressions</a>, tools for working with arrays, object-oriented methodology and support for working with databases. One of the main advantages of PHP is the fact that it integrates into HTML and Java. Script, WML, XML and other languages. 36</p> <p>JAVASCRIPT This is an object-oriented language for developing client and server applications. Main areas of application of Java. Script: dynamic creation of a document using a script; online verification of the validity of user-filled HTML form fields before transferring them to the server; creation of dynamic HTML pages in conjunction with cascading style sheets and the document object model; interaction with the user when performing local tasks solved by a Java application. Script embedded in an HTML page. 37</p> <p>VBSCRIPT Scripts written in VBScript have the same functionality as Java scripts. Script: dynamic creation of a document or its parts, interception and processing of events, and so on. VBScript is used for client-side scripting (in which case the browser must have a built-in interpreter for that language) and for server-side scripting (in which case the server must support VBScript). 38</p> <p>DREAMWEAVER Supports pure HTML code, as well as the latest DHTML and CSS extensions contains automatic link management tools dynamic checking for various browsers has a library of elements such as navigation bar, copyright descriptor, etc. 39</p> <p>DREAMWEAVER (2) Used to add various multimedia files and interactive elements to pages. Dreamweaver does not have its own image creation tools. It presents only the simplest tools for editing them. 40</p> <p><a href="https://5visa.ru/en/installation-and-configuration/skachat-novogodnie-oboi-dlya-smartfona-skachat-novogodnie-zhivye-oboi-na-android.html">FIREWORKS Fireworks</a> This is a graphics editor with the ability to further optimize it and post it on the network. You can create and edit both vector and raster graphics within a single file. Fireworks generates HTML and Java code. Script and can create dynamic menus and navigation bars. It is possible to edit page layouts and create active graphics that respond to the cursor, without knowing a programming language. 41</p> <p>FLASH Flash is characterized by vector graphics and animation, although it is possible to manipulate or display raster graphics, edit video footage, and manipulate audio files. In favor of Flash is the small size of the resulting files, the use of vector image formats, and the compression of raster and sound files. Powerful event-driven Action language. Script is a programming language that supports conditions, loops, arrays, functions, and classes that can be inherited. 43</p> <p>PHOTOSHOP The most popular image editing program. With its help you can create highly artistic images. It contains everything you need to create and edit professional graphics. 44</p> <p>CORELDRAW When constructing vector images, lines and shapes are overlaid until the final image is created. Each object can be edited independently of the others - one of the few advantages of the object approach. In the program, vector drawings of lines, shapes and text are specified by mathematical expressions, which makes it possible to automatically adjust them to the maximum resolution of the output device. 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